So today's lecture is Paulo Monteiro
who happens to be my advisor at U.C.

Berkeley So it's a special honor to have
him here today to deliver this lecture.

I think many of us have been touched
already by policy on terrorist

contributions in the field I think there's
probably not a person in the room has not

opened the book that he coauthored with he
came out of called concrete microstructure

properties of materials or has not read
one of his more than two hundred forty

technical publications or seen him lecture
at many of the places that he goes all

around the world I understand he flew in
to attend this meeting from Singapore so

his reaches broad in terms
of international stature but

also in terms of the types of work that
he's done he's made contributions in

the mechanical modeling of cement based
materials fracture mechanics your ability

hydration imaging and characterization so
I was really interested to see

what of those many very topics he
would choose to present on today and

I think it's a very special treat to
see him speak about his legacy and

the use of synchrotron methods to
characterize cement based materials so

with that I'm very happy to have you here.

Thanks.

To me.

Is it.

Doesn't project or no wonder that I
don't know your voice so can you hear

me the back or should I over that you tell
me can you hear me in the back you can

if my voice just wave and then I get
help for all of the money Yes thank you.

So has been so much fun at least for
me to be here.

In Lone so much.

Great community.

You.
Really enjoying it and

it's a great honor to be here Major on
air and indeed I was going to go OK.

Inside it yes I debated so much in
different topics I decided to go for

secrets from because it's something that
continuously for the last twenty years

would be in a what working on software
would be nice to give a perspective and

sold This is basically what
would be my game plan and

that seems to be on of the right I
will share my very first paper and

just to show you how life has changed.

See first thing you have to say and
the paper camera ready and

then with a typewriter they would
put the information that OK.

Interesting stuff second parts hopes.

It was very fast it was communication
if you happen to know the editor or

associate editor in this case
that would go very very fast

this is gone the other aspect
is that by the way don't tell me

that you were born before this I was very
very young I didn't even have my Ph D.

which was something very
unusual at that time

because unlike now that
race has huge pressure for

all the students to publish first year
second we are in the already in panic mode

because there is no way they can find
a new track position at that time.

If the opposite you have only stopped
polling Gys that your sending your

paper before you have the whole picture
and that's in this case it was my advisor.

Pick a matter who said well what
the result looks really good but

let's put our claim and
therefore said no but not so

much adequate It was fairly
common other aspects to offers

was fairly call and at that time and
I didn't realize that it was getting to.

My argument is that.

Even though it's amazingly site for
you don't have this anymore and

I'll give you this example for the broom
I Well this was my record by the way

look at the number off coffers by Taylor
Shapiro then is yours of some lasting

mark is the name but
more like Warwick to cause I'd live

it myself this is my record you're
going to say how is it possible when it

turns out that to obtain the it's results
there was five years of development

into being one so just type of
somebody it worked for five years and

then you know you can happily put your
sample get a nice image do image and

I was a blah blah blah and the people who
work for five years yet no recognition so

that's not the way to go if you want
to if you want to be serious and

I almost resent some people who
will take advantage of the Bee line

scientists who help you optimize
the system and then just run away and

claim all the credit this is not right
I agree this is the exception because

to develop this I call
graffiti it works really

really difficult I'll show some images but
I have to admit the first time they showed

me three years ago four years ago it
was the worst image the person Mark

to see me actually for a month refused
to show me the image because he was so

embarrassed so
I have have to go behind it he is back and

look at a major his computer and
like wow we are wasting our time and

sure enough after two more years
we got him into so basically

this is by the way unfortunately so
this is not very friendly so

I have to come here and
press I have to find the most.

Common Well coming.

To see what the mouse
what the cursor race.

It's meant to see if I do this OK good.

No need to be this loud.

This is loud OK let me
take this off no need.

I can lead off.

OK sorry about this I sent it off so it's.

Not sure what happened anyway
it shooting a black trance.

And going around Thank you why I
didn't do anything to just fall but

that's fine and I don't think
that anything else has this loud.

Already put in a mute so it's so anyway I
completely lost track what I was saying so

the electorate start moving very very
fast speed of light a close to it.

As it goes in different
directions releases X.

rays coherent very bright now they
do is that each of these big line

would be dedicated for specific
applications so there's this lecture would

give a summary of some of them not all of
them because otherwise you lose focus on

that if you are in spectroscopy Yes you
can spend quite a bit of time explaining

this but it's not that insightful
All right so in this regards

you definitely have all the right to be
to put it all just work for an offer for

very little so let me try again
let me give me another chance so

let's study in the same cycle with
oxygen anyway some oxidation reaction so

maybe you'll get better luck with oxygen
and you can see that hopefully it does and

he did it does it start with vacuum so
you offering the zero.

U.V. light.

Nothing happens not a big
surprise because you don't have

oxygen you don't have water.

Or at least water vapor and then you
start introducing water wow look at that.

They start finding pics
that were not there and

if you didn't have the synchrotron
facility with this.

It took a process you would
never going to get this and

you and
you got to expect to move to the left.

Then you continue and
add oxygen Even moving

creating new pics OK Life is
getting interesting now here is

the punchline which I would go back
many times you remove the light.

And look what happens here.

This pic stay well all right so
it is war if we see it and

I know you are beginning to find an
explanation why the reaction continues for

some time and
then you go into a vacuum what.

Someone depicts a site does appear but
we still have this interesting enough and

then you go after ten hours out there and
more and

more disappears and then you can shine.

Excuse me light again and it's basically
a go and it can repeat the cycle as many

times so for us the interesting part
is this kind of nice now we can have.

Let's try to going to this face for that
you have U.V. this is the ideal condition

this is what happens when you have a kind
of darkside sour face and you have light

oxygen and twelve humidity so
this is what happens you have had rocks.

Peroxides.

The tea and.

Bridging and termino hydroxyl you
know many details on that but

you have this is what causes
the reaction and when you remove.

The light so what happens.

I just sort of freeze at the surface
is still continue to fracture so

this would start continue
killing the bacteria for

quite a bit of time even when you
start having the vacuum start removing

some face still holding it's
basically attached this.

Face so it's Eventually the fact
that it would eliminate this but

we have a very good picture of
what's happening in that So

this is the information that our claim
is that still basically only would

synchrotron that you could get it you
could try Could other techniques but

that turned out to be ideal So
again you have to ask the question and

find a solution very specific in case
later on if you we could repeat this for

commercial titanium dioxide it sold so
what then it outside the pure one is very

expensive so would that be interesting if
you could start running this cycle and

you see even if you have impurities if
the process continues OK Question one done

all right we're moving Question number
two so yes age has been studied for

at least fifty years sixty years you
take your pick whenever you started.

And we have too much data and
conflicting data what's going on.

So basically Is it an amorphous materials.

It is another Christo a gel.

What makes it strong more or
less calcium is it aluminum if you.

SLAG for instance all other super
amounts polymers in this case and

how do I look like fibers for
you it's bricks all of those questions how

are you going to be addressing that So
let's start with mine.

So let's see what's happening you
have three in one and three so

I find it to be more eyed and amorphous.

And they're guaranteed
to have a Pall Mall so

if you would say it's
somewhere in between and

you would be right Dick challenges
somewhere is not very scientific or

if you want to know exactly how much
in case you saw the ultimate goal is to

develop concrete with better strengths
that ability and you cannot do that.

If you really have a very good
understanding of the process so

the best technique for that is it using
thought this country math for its.

Fair distribution function itself it was
very pleasant to see a couple of papers

today for the group of kind of whites who
did fantastic work with new trends and

I was doing the ultra us and X.

rays but it's pretty mates we've done
it quite a bit of work on that so

our very first development was
done at A.P.'s at a time with

A.P.'s quite a bit of time dedicated so.

So this is the result that I got it when
I look back it's only seventy years ago

now we have so much information to
become me of course not routine but

you could all basically what it gives
you it's daughter was cattery not only

the Bracks pic so
you can see the nearest neighbor and

more important than anything
else indicates the correlation.

If you have a crystalline material
this thing would continue.

Basically as long you have
resolution scintillator.

But if you have them off as
material you don't have this so

let's go a reality check OK this is.

Let's take all one hundred percent
amorphous material you get silica glass.

Silica fuel and this carries it
was a very pure Rice has ash and

are going to be saying that all of
them have similar system basically

the silicon oxygen nearest neighbor
in south but my point is that

if we starts drawing the line
arbitrary I mean it set one nanometer.

CERN's you don't see it becomes flat
This is not just there is no correlation

whatsoever this is a true Morphy's
material let's see what happens with it.

When you do weight C.S.H..

So we'd C.S.H..

If I put my reference at one
nanometer Well guess what.

I still get correlation indicated
that simply not the market

sometimes you see in textbooks
papers that March was just forget it

it's not the markets but
it loses correlation.

The number here becomes on the beholder
let's say three point five

nine of meters which the same
order of magnitude that Jamie's.

In with his very famous paper on
small Angus cattery did deal with.

With this process it doesn't tell
anything about the geometry of the system

you're not going to tell if it's for
you if it isn't going anything else this

is just because it gives information
off of the correlation process.

But we'll address the fibers later on so

I'm not hiding the question
now why do you really good for

you to validate experiment at the Mystic
model so you have again the number

of at the Mystic model is mushroom and
self which is a very good feeling.

However you needs How you going
to compare So Professor X.

do a completion a model a fro and I've
been issue another one when I throw them

am I accept the results don't quite match
which one is going to trust they could

start giving some statistics of their
process but in my mind the best

way to do experimental work and see how
it matches and it matches very well.

At close range and as a start moving away
hoops then one side moves to the right and

outside moves with a laugh so
my claim is that there is still room for

improvement here so T.S.H.
in terms of a mystic model you can

get better models on that So
what about the question Amber to why.

Exactly C.S.H. is it a more famous

crystalline where you basically
indicates that it's none of crystal.

And what about what you
make it's different so

it's basically high cost and
silicon ratio.

Aluminum to counseling racial or
day use of organic supplants I mean in

polymers and this I must admit
I didn't I didn't not includes

We just finished their research I can give
you the answer yes you can tailor made.

A material that increases the stiffness
other people already found that but

if the fundamental question is
how you going to measure this or

you can sell sure nothing they
bang bang bang wow yes and

no because and then I need to show
you have course you are not really

studying what happened in tool
to the system at atomic level so

you have to do a little bit better because
depending on the geometry on your inverse

prosperity of moderate America
self-consistent you know take your pick

your results may converge or not and
you are not even hundred percent

of the porosity that you are probably with
you are not a probe precisely so if for

you to to really make claims you
have to do something else and

that's the something else that we've
been doing for almost a decade or

we study basically close to
ninety percent of all the phases

hydration products it's a very simple
process of being using pure physics but

of course not nothing like having soft X.

rays or hard X.

rays in this case I'm sorry
you put the material here.

And you compress.

OK so let's see how the process
goes by the way those are diamonds

real diamonds so is it expensive.

Yeah depends.

On your.
About synchrotron facility that costs

one hundred million dollars a couple
of thousand dollars is not a big

deal but when your student it gives
you a call at three in the morning

which you did happen and in a panic time.

For me I just could not
understand he was so

nervous because he broke two of the same
time and said I broke two what I do it.

And I know that I have another
set borrow another set and

continue find not a problem
calmed on effort OK back to

the bad when our later professor
Professor broke the other set and

I said OK go ahead and because obviously
you're having a bad night and we

don't care about the being time and I must
admit in this ten years that's the only

time we broke to actually the first
time we break anything but usually when

Murphy's Law happens it happens in a big
time and that's basically what happened.

So the prophesies and mission is I
mean you have to have a steady hand

I just cannot do this anymore it's a type
of thing it's you have to put the crystals

here the material had with the fluid
to have high distracted loading and

the process is the following You put
the material and basically destroying J H.

The crystal size.

As increase the pressure of
the lattice parameters which change so

you know the pressure therefore
you know the change in volume and

you get more commodities in reality.

Life's a little bit more complicated
because it's largely the formation so

you have to use a more complex equation
but fundamental This is the process so

going back to answer my question what
about the effect of cause and silica ratio

in this case it was very clear as you
increase the amount of calcium you

get the stiffness So again we don't have
to discuss that much about our more.

Because this is the same thing as you have
for your sample you go to the lab and

measure the property in itself how you
going to model it on how you can explain

you can explain for
dates if you cation of the intra layer and

that but again this is the results and
the trend is pretty clear.

What about the presence of aluminum.

The same thing.

But if you're interested In this
case I'll be happy to provide.

The part point with references this
one just came out of the month ago so

as you increase the book sorry
the illuminant you start to increase.

Risk quite I think it's quite nice and
so we are moving along

fairly well because now you're in question
number three if you are getting ready for

the reception you could start thinking
with more than halfway OK not bad not

bad again they see why it's nice to have
questions in units we don't question

number three because we we're only
talking about C S H What about C three A.

Particularly the early
hydration process it's still

I mean if you have a lot of
those in subtly for our own.

You know which one would survive
we don't know people claim that

the model survives until
the person dies or retires so.

I hope I'm not saying I'm not so

intense about it somebody comes with
better explanation or better data.

Evolving process so
basically you have a diffuse some of

the models in a very simplified process
a broad sense you have the diffusion.

Barrier to feel that coast.

And then you also have to solve for
absorption that.

Slows down the dissolution so
it seems that everybody agrees that it's

related did solution of citric only by the
way I'm talking about cubic feet three for

timing or to run back it's different
I can address Firstly quickly but

let's talk about cubic for
now because that's the work so

here comes so
quite a bit of work that you have done and

I agree the image doesn't look very
nice but for spectroscopy don't care for

beautiful images you're doing chemistry so
here is see three eight and

here you have this interface and
a hydration product so with my student.

This one I didn't participate was one of
these twenty four hour cycle suggests

I could do that with later
on with kin in the past but

I just twenty four hours the day
after you know you feel like trash so

anyway spent close to twenty four hour
cycle because it's that very carefully

you do those things that's the beautiful
part from fertility you do things and

then you'll move or what's the special
resolution and that you're

doing this in the order of seventy one
a meter so it moves another seventeen and

a meter band and
we hope to find something and

he was so frustrated rip it so many times
with different grains because there isn't

anything I mean except for that but
the idea of a particularly

Neil hydrated at least with
a resolution of seventy.

Meters there is absolutely no
evidence I mean the evidence is just

trying to act that doesn't mean third that
there would be you know a surface of facts

happening because he didn't have their
resolution for that so it's still open.

And when you do the convolution
process wow this is.

Surrounded by that.

Then.

Maybe you could say maybe this.

Is what is creating this passive
layer of course it's not but

anyway you have to prove.

You can do with scanning electron
microscopy but in this case.

I don't think there is any sound on this.

Item you see for
this one of us done it a P.S..

Let's see if I do this.

OK good.

Same process you have a c
three A hydrates on top which.

You see how porous they want
to go into resolution so

there is actually covers
a good part of it but

there is so many empty spaces by which
the poor solution could penetrate so

that forget about this is not
the mechanism is still running OK.

So.

It kind of good news and bad news also
where they indicate opes stop right.

So OK we indicate that with
no intrinsic fix layer

of anything except that it's not
continuous which is a little bit

frustrating right we didn't provide
certain a good explanation for this.

So this is the work.

Group at Myer's they're very recently.

Come that's the type of thing that I what
I really want to emphasize that you should

not rely only on synchrotron
sometimes very classical chemistry

couple with synchrotron data it's really
what the power is so he spent close to

more than a year studying surface charge
density partially hydrated different.

Cultural sulfates concentration itself so

again we also have done so far and
calcine edge for the very simple reason

we all really wanted to study if there
were some for would attach this.

Fates of the three Well people in geology
and geophysics who would look at this and

say absolutely no way that
we snow evidence whatsoever

in all their limited phases
at high ph that this so

far would be particularly sensitive
to attach to the surface but

anyway it's why you should
just take their word for

that to read that the work
actually was done in Thailand.

With the white car for example and

basically indicate that Reese
know the specific absorption for

sulfur So again it indicates after
a lot of thought This is the model and

that basically all combining
quite a bit of their potential.

Well colorimetry work and
everything else so

it's a lot most of the leg work was
done using traditional chemistry

is that you have aluminum rich layers that
would prevent quite a bit of dissolution

this layer is stabilize for
a complex so there is a a so for.

So far calcium complex and
by the way the it out there is fear.

It's a dead jargon that
indicates if this complex would

be attached the surface called Inner is
fear if you have a layer of water you know

kind of floating a little bit then
you'll be outer outer sphere.

And told this is basically what
we can the paper just came out

a few months ago if you're interested
on this I know this is for

cubic and if we were interested
in did your talking about.

You know would the industry be
interested and yes very much so because

of US sponsored by the industry because
they the company had quite a bit of

a problem with going to have too much or
too rhombic So we study quite a bit

of a throwback hey you know the first
ideas that maybe this would also work.

It turns out with the wrong
bacon because of the.

Structure are further to run
because it is implied cage

would prevent this from ation these
aluminum layers so all of the sudden

you start continue the dissolution
process we study the incorporation of

some part American material as well so
back to basic question number three so

I mean is it a final words Probably not
but at least we have some evidence and

I'm sure that over time hopefully
improvements would be done.

Final question that getting there.

Let's see what's going to be
the new developments related.

To cement based materials which
synchrotron OK they're going to say

it's my own personal opinion all
right I mean you ask somebody else

probably you have something different
as well which is perfectly fine so

I'll give you my my take.

They go would be to image because you're
getting close to it you can do imaging and

spectroscopy into our.

Hope is to have less than one and
a meter and why is this

this automates challenge because
only in a certain we are probing

the nunnery structure of the system
I mean a one hundred meter.

And it's very challenging to do
it this is a traditional soft X.

ray microscope I am sure that scheme
recognized this but fifteen years ago

Mark OK for the small I know exactly what
five year it seems like five anyway.

So we have a baby mag
reflects condenser plates

eliminates your sample you have
a micro lands this is a full fields.

Imaging process and you get here

now the challenge no matter what system
you use is that you have to focus.

With the first nails on a plate.

And in principle the ultimate resolution
would be given by the spacing between

this concentric rings so
you can imagine if you want one none of

you to keep going keep going keep
going probably will be around here and

the spacing should be one and a meter I
hope you appreciate that not a trivial.

Problem to solve now but

friends were looking quite good where
suppressor Dave to it who was the pioneer

of the whole thing he published in Nature
in two thousand and five if everybody

was excited because it started with
a resolution of eighty nine emitters and

then moved to fifty forty thirty and
then it all in a sudden fifty M.

and they would say Maybe in another three
years or five in another eight years.

Maybe one it didn't happen in
a really got stuck in the range.

If you have a very good day and a very
generous big line scientists they might

claim ten animators and that's basically
it yes that's not going to happen.

So a major breakthrough for

us actually using this technique
that it's called the Congress.

And by the way for those of you who
are entering the field this is what you

should pay quite a bit of attention if you
want to study now on a structure of C.S.H.

or well say sea ice age but
as well could be the gel polymer if you're

interested on this this is quite exciting
because I get a kind of probe thinks

that within this resolution but
it gets better because you can be

convoluted the process of
a different mission image and

the face contrasts on a certain
you don't have to because face

contract created like the shadow we
you want to do image analysis and good

luck I mean good luck or some people are
brave and so are I going to get not that.

And hope for the best get the beautiful
images and I visit and that's the end of

it but if you're serious about it so
this Ticonderoga free haiku grapheme.

Recording folding so you do a lot of
free it transformed the math it's

really complicated the technique is old
what's new is that would super You need

almost a supercomputer so that's what
I mentioned when the first trial.

For the work that was done.

This one for the original paper we did for
two threats but this is C

three remember when he did spectroscopy
this is what you typically get so

the quality here well all in a sudden it's
a really new game because you can do some

very serious image analysis or an
additional offering that precludes you to

do We haven't done it but
it's not a big deal to put that in

between the two sandwich of silicon That's
right and you can do it in real time.

The system becomes so fast that you can

if you want to study the dissolution
process precipitation off we go.

From here we go we sites and izing
playing with a lot of imaging process so

we're not finding the size of the many of
those off twenty seven hundred meters and

I would almost claim I mean maybe I'm
being bias and certainly I am but

it's becoming almost really
emphasized almost as nice as a T.M.

image but there is no significant
being that might use X.

rays and to some preparation is
not that difficult at all and

you can do it spectroscopy good so
let's go back

kind of wrap things up you are interested
in C.S. age for instance again.

There was a new paper
Well a year old that.

From a mighty group that did.

Quite a bit of simulation but to
everything it is a computer simulation it

would be nice if you could start
matching or all the opposite with

that in mind they structure and
calibrate and vice versa.

And we are getting that good I mean
if our system which are not there but

probably in a few years or less we should
be here we should start imaging this point

zero and zero and the technique it's
quite is called diffraction limited so.

You could go with the resolution
of the wavelength All right so

everything's looking good is
it easy to do it not quite yet

so this is the very first
that we have done it.

I think it looks quite nice right so.

We decided to tomography.

We did an experimental being line again
with some of the same people there.

And we start rotating the.

Image and rotate rotate rotate Now they I
know they were excited because they like

to see fibers because scatter a lot
how long this experiment took

anybody let's make a pool how long five
minutes you know you want from minus

eighty to eighty increments of one
you could be last but it takes time.

If much to me before I was not quite
thirty hours three hours because we used

a bendy magnet now that they're
moving to the new facility and this

could be done in maybe a couple of hours
and if you wait I'm not the ear is so

he could be in pilot say minutes not
bent now you do have to reckon struct.

And this is what we got.

Let me run again.

Which allows me to give how much.

Yeah just like this all right so

this is three dimensional
image experimentally pic so

resolutely pixel size is five
millimeters but the spatial resolution

it's difficult to measure but let's
say in the order of eight nanometer So

it's very quite good very very good so
you can do all types of.

Modeling simulation I'm not this time and
you see I didn't put any

four year transform but you could do it
I mean and indeed it has been done so

you can quantify the whole process and
I want to be

now maybe just to kind of summarize
everything a common don't want this.

So what about SIM The medical practice.

It's amazing what has been recently
they get a C.T. scan go to three D.

model and do a three D.

printing.

Why it's so good one can do all the
training for medical doctors with three D.

printing it but even for a practical
application you're doing quite a bit of

C.T. for a very complex operation
you do the two three D.

printing and the doctor spend hours
trying to find the angle of attack for

a very complex surgery you know it's
really important in many ways and

so the printer I don't have to go there.

So basically you know you play where
it's a brain your hands right not bad so

the question is Why can't we do this for
C S A chill be nice to do it

both for you I mean it's different
if you can play as many times and

to a brain kind of price you know
imagine all of you either spend day and

night in as him and then you close
your eyes you have the lights coming

flashing back if you have and maybe spend
hours in a videogame go at night and

have this flash which is you can do it but
sometimes great to touch for.

So for as a fink you very much for
that Delaware lecture that's what's done.

We convert that you've managed
to call asked you which is.

Five Then each.

Well come on if I do this.

Well we had the sound
appears again interesting.

Here you go.

Producing C.S.H..

How long did it take when you did for
the first time takes time

sorry don't want this twenty hours later.

Now holding your hands.

You're not impressed OK fair enough.

What about this.

OK I hope so

while and since here in case you don't
believe me see this I brought it here.

It looks looks fancy.

To look at this even.

So I want to be in your first one to look.

Just be extra careful because when I
show to one I did this one a things that

are dropping it's not from the for this
is from this time fun I was afraid that

C.S.A. would say that as a weapon but
who knows so it be referred.

To that yeah yeah it is to
some degree it's a jewelled

I mean whatever you want to do it so
on and it can spend.

Well kind of looking and is looking very
philosophical type of thing just look

on this things going on instead even
measuring a little bit you know.

Visualization and

touching or in the future you just scroll
to some of there for the students.

I'm not feeling like like
well OK I see how and

I'm imagining the future you put two of
them together there's nothing that Fritz

precludes to do you know a volume
bigger than this if you look on

the side to going to see that part of the
original cement brain dissolved away so.

You can see also in three D.

in the computer so there you go so
it's I thought it was nice so

it's time to summarize every Friday we
had for questions so let's summarize so

what unites the four question it's
basically to use a synchrotron and

emphasis in for
question if any of you want to apply for

synchrotron being time this is the secret
you have to come with a scientific

question typically the proposes
two pages three pages maximum so

you have to focus in wide so
important and so.

I FORGOT THE know what I put my.

Point well anyway so basically going with

just seventy feel everything that you
have done it we can do the M.B. and X.

P.S. you can do other fakes
if you want to study it or

reaction by all means you could.

People so why oath thank you so why they
develop this in situ is certainly not for

to make they should material who are for
palaces it's heavily used but

it could study for corrosion as well if
you want to study a dissolution process

you have co-writes on top of it and
you start seeing the process and

you start putting water whatever
paper knots oil you can do and if

it comes to that instead of going into the
oxygen you could put it in the chlorine.

Area and it moves into Iran so

that you can do fings in Seattle which is
quite nice in our case we basically have

a very good solid explanation why
did I tended outside continues to.

Working overtime even though you
remove the U.V. light you has to have

this sort of face
hydroxide that remains for

quite a bit of time and
of course eventually it fades away it.

And sorry.

All right you've got this faces now in
terms of the C.S.H. pair distribution

function it's really nice to see more and
more technique of being used so

you start seeing this correlated
structures and you can validate.

Many are the models for that high pressure
again a debate on three what to doing and

it's to continue doing is that we are
putting silo now so we're functional izing

say super plasticizers for instance or
equivalents of the size or.

P.C.'s are quite good to start attaching
nice functionality to increase and do you

know intercalation partially intercalation
and you get the full information for that.

Finally in terms of the kinetics process
the same technique could have done for

C three eight Now you could use
synchrotron facilities to validate

there's a lot of people enjoy in geology
and geophysics that study synchrotron to

study dissolution process so that would
be a pretty neat way to validate what you

find rejects So
again it's an evolving process many

of them do have very practical
applications of it because once so

it's still one of the open question
we even they started proposing can we

use a special system that would retard or
to run back to three yet so

we have no you know at least a model and
I know we have a pathway and

them will tests if it works sounds good
if not you have to check why didn't work.

In terms of.

Imaging with high spatial resolution
I would say this is truly

the future if you're into imaging
calorie free I think that A.P.S.

day at last this week's light source
like to sort is the big competitor

Well Karen again so
did you have to give full credit

to the suits like they were at
the start they were the pioneer.

Graffiti it's really nicely done then and
what again would be nice if you

just don't stop with just with the picture
do all the mathematical morphology.

Do them as a scale and
vice versa see how it matches and

needless to say you don't eventually don't
even need this you could start this and

put finite element grades and you can
really imagine the same thing we do

with microstructure you can do with nine
a structure diffusion process you could

start to do all this modeling see
how cried penetrate so not so for

the future in other words it's quite
bright and that's basically some ways you

can see a lot of people work on it and
I'm sure that they forgot somebody so

yeah don't take this one because I'm sure
that somebody would complain and rightly

so not given the proper credit so thanks
very much if anybody has any questions.

And if you want to touch
very gently the C.S.H.

they'll be here feel free to
play with at a high today.

You want to know how much it costs yes
a day but if you really want to know

the whole process I took
a professional class in three D.

printing in Singapore.

Even have to take a final exam which I
haven't done in a long time half way for

the class and
said you know you have to take a fine exam

with my whole we can't waste so
much of the ice.

You're like a student now wasted
is not the right term but

I spent the whole weekend studying
this because how embarrassing would be

if you get a rejection it didn't pass but

anyway after studying all of this we
decided to use my colleague printed for

me but and he did it with a special
discount I'm not sure how special it was

he claimed it was six hundred dollars
Singapore dollars it costs four hundred so

about three hundred and you can send
to order so this one is high resolution

it's there is illusion that you've got
it's better than you get in terms of

image because you have something like
fourteen centimeters and the increment.

Point twenty millimeter one hundred
microns so you can see when they do their.

Size this is basically a very
faithful representation.

Yes.

Exactly.

Well let's go back up sorry.

Let's see the.

I'm sorry probably the video yes
how did you get this image for

instance did I just go to
the camera with a micro Lance Yes

in no if you do with a micro lens you
don't have good enough definite focus so.

You do a lot of stacking different
planes and then do it with a computer

records direction but learns that you're
talking about this one right so it's not.

A sage or anything else it is the process
of manufacturing Let me show you

come on come on.

Come on.

Now and now I decided to go for
the wrong OK.

Fine fine fine.

There you see.

See how it goes by through layers so
it it's called S.L.A..

It is terror like talking
to feel practice so

it basically shines
a light this is a liquid.

And so it goes by increment that's what
I meant by increment and when you go for

the increment is the layers that you get.

If you want finally So

this if you measure it will be a point to
one millimeter so I get it this is not

snuffing to the woods Yes Ha when
he needs to be very careful OK.

And less in the case thanks so much for

inviting me and I had fun I
don't know if you didn't mean to

say if you have question I have
question how do you mean to cut off.

It depends on the day it is like a truly.

And also over time I
was very proud of that

the pads distribution function
because that was the first time and

we imagine the publisher P.R.L.
reveal that it's.

It shows that why is this such a big deal
because this high impact factors and

how it's become currency for being times
the euro you said publish a paper.

In nature or nature materials yes
the chances of you getting more

be in time if you go to the second
tier do not publish you don't get it

I must say at the very beginning when you
study was work because when you start

doing well I was going to say over twenty
years ago but let's say a little bit last

fifteen years ago we could start
saying the dissolution process with X.

rays I was like.

Now.

Again the whole idea because my ultimate
goal would be to get them in a meter

silencing mine should be ours by the way
it should be a fully integrated process.

In our case if anybody might.

Goes to I'm not sure what's the best
way to do it because we spent.

Close to five years or
more to create the baseline for

sayings for own cement minerals
all that hydration product

with the equivalent of doing
their baseline for all the X.

are the kind of.

I hate to say because my students
would you would listen to that and

some of the Ph D.

was done on this but absolutely necessary

because once you have there you can
read expensive very complex system so

out claim that you can basically
study any system except for

say fly yet complicated in south because
had so many different phases but

with Portland Cement anything that you fro
now you can study all the complexities.

You start putting put in Merika materials
you could do the carbon I didn't do it.

Dow Chemical was particularly interested
they developed a fiber that the coaching

hydrophilic and they want to study
how if there was a really contact

between the hydration products and the
fiber that they developed the culture and

I've done it so we spent quite a bit of
time it's interesting so it's a lot of and

that we used the calcium and
the carbon edge to say yes and

if they're not there we see
a connection that I don't know it's.

You know I am excited with whatever you
know he's just and I also really want

to for size the idea of collaboration I
think that you as a community mouse size.

Would be much better if you everybody
work together at that time and

of course you publish your papers but you
have to indicate to the whole community

that you know don't mess around with the
cement chemistry it's really you can do

science and apply applications so
it's really nice and I still write.

Of course of course I guess.

No not me that's
THANK YOU THANK YOU THANK YOU.

I'm so we go use Thank you thank you.