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>> Welcome everybody to this is research quickly I'm from Dr Mark Williams. He is a professor in the Department of Health and can use the ology and the Department of Psychology at University of Utah he received his Ph d. in cognitive neuroscience from the University of Liverpool he's had a number of administrative roles over the last 12 years or so.

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Heading departments at the Grunow University of London University of Sydney and the University of Utah. Because the research interests focus on the neural and psychological mechanisms underpinning the acquisition and development of skill including the use of simulations he's published very very widely and in numerous fields including Can you see ology experimental psychology neuroscience medicine he's written a number of books and professional articles of various types and has had over 40000 citations in fact so he's strictly well published and 1st rate scientist he's.

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Mentored a number of post-doctoral research fellows and supervised number of doctoral students over the years as well and it's been very. Generously funded by. Research Councils in Australia and United Kingdom and and clean the Royal Society the British Academy and cetera so he's so we're very pleased to have them with us today and we very much look forward to his presentation which you can see on your screen.

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Ok Go ahead Mark take it away. Ok Great thank you very much for the warm introduction. Thanks for much for people for tuning in although obviously I'm not sure who's on there but nevertheless I'll try and talk about a few things that maybe even trust. Us the opening slide suggests there I'm going to talk about perceptual cognitive expertise in this particular presentation but just to acknowledge the fact that my interests are a fairly diverse spawning different areas mostly from a cognitive science experiment psychology human factors perspective but ultimately what I'm most interested in expertise and how people become skilled across different domains.

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Or probably have about 3 or 4 different avenues of research on so I'm only touching about one of those today so what I plan to do is is to fall Firstly I'll highlight some of the research that we've been doing over the last 2 or 3 decades focusing on the identification of perceptual cognitive skills on the role in anticipation and then secondly give a brief summary of some of the research work that myself and some colleagues have been doing around simulation training to optimize the development of these in the line perceptual cognitive skills.

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In many ways I'm using a fairly classical experimental approach in the 1st stage what I've often done is use simulation in all its various guises to try and capture performance subjectively under controlled conditions. Whilst probably a lot of my early work was in sport over the last decade or so a diversified are different to Mainz which is military medicine law enforcement aviation for instance and then in addition to trying to capture performance amongst individual with varying levels of expertise we've also been interested in identifying the underlying processes of the mechanisms that.

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Explain the underlying phenomena. Differentiate between various levels of expertise so I published a lot of papers using I moved recording devices. A smaller amount of papers using neuroscience methods like e.g. f. m.r.i. and T.M.'s. Probably another measure that we've used a lot in our research work as well as movement kinematics again showing the somewhat multidisciplinary and for says of the work linking here with biomechanics and areas around border control and visual control of action.

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So in regards to some of the key findings that have emerged over this period of time. One of the key findings is the superior ability of experts to pick up biological motion information from the approved movements of an opponent such as for instance in tennis where you have to perceive the direction of an opponent's for on drive shot when it's going to go across Gore or down the line so a classical approach arrows been the film occlusion approach so what we might do is film the task from the perspective of the opponent and then selectively occlude the video footage up various time periods relative to ball rocket contact so in these top conditions the video footage will be occluded very early on whereas in the conditions towards the bottom you will see increasingly more of the action and ball flight in the latter condition and typically what you find here is that experts are able to to suppose where this particular shot would go well had of ball rocket contact this highlighting their ability to use these advanced visual cues to anticipate what will happen next whereas in contrast expert individuals.

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Typically perform at levels below chance until certainly the ball rocket contact condition. Another approach that we've used is to use the classical point like display approach where we might convert the biological motion into moving dots of light that represent the image this is an image of someone serving here and the skill effect is still maintained when we present images in this format only of course when there's motion in keeping with the early work by cutting and profit and we've used the varying number of approaches actually we use principal component analysis to try and better identify the key sources of information here we've also neutralize sources of information so for instance the whole body might be appearing to play across caught short whereas the hips might not move we've also inverse the dynamics.

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In other words the hips might go crosscourt when the rest of the body goes down the line in essence what we've been trying to do is to identify local and global perception here. These the manner in which information is perceived is mediated by expertise typically experts rely on more global sources of perceptual information.

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Particularly is demonstrated more recent We actually do even if we blur these images such that you can only see a rough outline and then experts are still able to perceive quite accurately what will happen next. Another consistent finding in this body of work has focused on the ability of experts to identify familiarity and structure in evolving patterns or sequences so I guess this would take you back to the classical work by Chase and Simon colleagues on Patton perception in chess but similar observations and been shown across sport as well in that if you present moving images of action sequences skilled athletes are able to recognise unrecorded these patterns of play.

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Much better than less expert counterparts in an argument is that the skill might be an important contributing factor to be ability to anticipate. In keeping with the work I'm biological motion even if we translate some of these visual images. Of actual matches into point like displays where we've got different colored lights that move around the screen to really reflect Claire motion then experts are still accurate identifying previously seen patterns thus implying that it's the relative motion between players that is the most crucial source of information in making these types of judgement it's there's been a substantial body of research work over the last 3 or 4 decades that has looked at differences in visual search behaviors between x. but unless x. were performers across a broad range of different domains and as I said we've done work in sport law enforcement aviation military combine mood and see rheumatics unexceptional So we typically use a more well I chalking system more often than not experts fixate on different areas and more informative areas of the display sometimes they use more fixations of longer duration other times they use fewer fixations of shorter duration it's very much a task specific.

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I just thought i'd also briefly share some work that we've also been doing using gaze recording focusing on the choir I am in tasks but the choir is the final fixation on the target prior to the initiation of the action and what we find here in a whole range of aiming tasks and we've got a shot gun shooting example of these are actual impact shooters.

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In other aiming tasks like darks darts Ngukurr billiards. Archery and even an arthroscopic surgery in aiming in military and law enforcement situations this choir I phenomenon has been shown to be very resilient. We know it's higher on experts compared to less expert performers it's higher on the longer.

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Experts using a within trials analysis. And we know that it's negatively impacted by stress or such as fatigue and things I think so we've been trying to explore some of the neural mechanisms that underpin this choir Arthur Norman and and I just submitted a Department of Defense Grant last week actually where we run Look we're using the choir I measure in conjunction with e.g. to look at how.

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Performance in our cognitive function is impacted when performing in extremely cold environments or we're looking at military infantry and said recording the choir are various realistic shooting scenarios. Another consistent finding in the literature is that experts are much more accurate in their initial expectations or predictions about what might happen next so by way of example I might show you clip of footage from a sport like soccer for instance.

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The goalkeeper might throw the ball up to the player highlighted in the circle in the top left hand corner here and I might pause the image and I might say to you will can you highlight the players that are most likely to receive the ball and can you run these in regards to their like through the receiving the ball and what you find here is that experts are a lot more accurate this time ask both as determined by what actually happened in the game and by the judgements made by a panel of experts coaches so experts therefore develop a hierarchy of probabilities that allows them to predict in advance the most likely event that will happen in this moment in time.

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We do similar manipulations of lay in other dimensions for instance in emergency room medicine we've manipulated the accuracy of the the case notes when patients come into the emergency room sometimes they've been accurate other times in our care or with looked at this a priori information has impacted on perception and decision making in these domains and we've also done similar work in radiography.

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However an n.h. grant that I'm just finishing off this weekend actually it was scored on the last round so I'm hoping to resubmit it by March the 5th but we're looking at the the accuracy of case notes in radiography and how it packs impacts on the detection of cancers tumors and we have a number of underlying training programs in there as well that try and pursue improve performance in the particular setting we also know that experts are much more resilient and robust under pressure.

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One of the earliest studies that we did here actually probably 20 odd years ago now was in the sport of karate where we had skilled and less skilled karate performers move in response to life size film images of various opponents engaging in offensive movements and these are some of the data that we gathered from the visual search data so the diameter of the circle reflects the amount of time spent fixating on key areas of the body though the the top graph ear is a low ings eye to condition and the one at the bottom is a Hines I think condition the what you see here is the in both instances.

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And this is actually data from an elite participant but most of the time was spent fixating on the head and chest regions. With a smaller amount of times fixating on the pelvis and shoulder and arm fist region the arrows reflect the. Transitioning of fixations from one point to another the thick of the arrows then the more frequently the transition occurs.

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So if you look at the top graph again what you see is gaze behavior where the expert typically fixates on the head and chest and moves the line of sight up and down the middle line of the body relatively few fixations to peripheral areas implying perhaps that the using peripheral vision in these kinds of scenarios to try and monitor where the motion of the attack is coming from in the bottom graph you see some.

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Systematic change using Gay's behavior even in the expert participants these effects are actually much more pronounced in the less expert performers but even in the experts say what you see is a significant increase in the amount of time spent moving gaze from Central to peripheral areas and more time spent fixating on the arm for this poll this region.

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Implying the least or less effective use of peripheral vision and least scenarios now we have actually published quite a few research studies using stress in various devices. Laura work on anxiety particularly looking at processing efficiency theory and attentional control theory and trying to test some of those in the line mechanisms.

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But also mental fatigue and physiological workload with manipulated as well. Try to identify impacts on varying various perceptual cognitive processes. So in essence what we've done is we've identified the fact that there are a number of different perceptual cognitive skills underpin the ability to anticipate effectively in these dynamic time constrained tasks so we know that experts are better of picking up possible cues of biological motion we know that they're better identifying Patton's and familiarity in evolving sequences we know they're more accurate in regards to their initial a priori predictions or he wrist Ixus to what might happen next and we know that experts typically use the visual system in a much more efficient and effective manner to pick up this information what we've also discovered as of late is that the relative importance of these different sources of information or perceptual cognitive skills interact dynamically depending on the type of task the situation or context and various individual differences such as the level of expertise or the impact of emotion on performance and I just wanted to illustrate one example of the type of work that we've done over the last decade or so this was a study actually involving simulation in soccer as you can see.

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What we had is various often sieve sequences of played play presented on a large screen and here we have the participant we recorded gaze behaviors and we used immediate retrospective verbal reports think allowed protocols to identify the underlying thought processes and the the task itself had to manipulations in one instance the ball was very close to the participant or the defender So as you can see the ball this is just on the left hand side of the screen here at the feet of the player wearing the black shorts so this will be a near task.

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Other instances where the ball was far away from the defender in the other half of the field what we call the fart ask. These are the gay's data not surprisingly here you get clear expert in obvious differences or skill versus less skill differences in number of fixations number fixation locations and fixation duration but of greater interest here is the relative difference between the near and the far task or in the Fata **** where the ball is a long way away from the participant They use lots of fixations of short duration trying to make themselves aware of the positions movements of the player off the ball whereas in contrast when the ball gets a lot closer to them in the near task they have fewer fixations to fewer locations on over a longer duration essentially implying greater use of peripheral vision in these kinds of scenarios which you subsequently confirmed using some spatial occlusion pirate on various of the techniques.

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Vogel reports were quite interesting actually we coded these as you said retrospectively and we coded them in regards to verbalizations that reflected. Emphasis on possible cues pattern recognition or situational probabilities. Again while you see the expected clear skill vs less skill differences the more interesting aspect is the difference between the near and the far task so when the ball is far away and the other half of the field has a much greater reliance on pattern recognition.

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Whereas when the ball is much closer to the performer a much greater focus on picking apology commotion information and on using these probabilistic judgments as to what happens next. More recently what we've been doing is looking at the impact of context on the manner in which these different perceptual cognitive skills are actually analyzed and one of the studies that we did a couple of years ago a paper published in Q j.p. was we had access to the Queen's Club which is the major talent tournament before Wimbledon every year in London.

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And we were able to garner. Motion data in the form of the right side of the images on other words we had movement of the players throughout the duration of the rallies but as you can see we've removed all the structural background information we removed possible cues information from the rocket so what we end up with is 2 cylinders representing the players on the movement of the ball.

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Then what we did is we looked at the ability of low and high skilled tennis players. To make accurate and dissipate decisions in regards to what part of the court the opponent was going to play the shop. And as you can see here while this performance is better in both groups in the normal video condition what you see though is that both groups are actually able to anticipate very accurately even in the absence of any background and structural information the simplifying that it's the relative motions between the players the ball potentially positioning on the court which are the important factors in these instances.

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And in a follow up study we also looked at the impact of different sequences of shots within the rallies and how these may work together to help and to patients are immense. So each of these 3 conditions the final shot in the rally was the same but what we did is we proceeded that final shot with 5 the 5 preceding shots the 3 preceding shots or just that single shot.

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As you can see here the the anticipation accuracy increases. The longer the rally thus implying but there is a build up of sequential information within this rally that helps the participants make a more accurate anticipation judgement later on we did actually find 3 different types of trials in these instances is actually the majority like this one tended to show a cumulative effect and that was the more shots you were able to see the more context you have you're making the judgement the more accurate suppression becomes But then in some instances the build up of shots of the sequence length was either neutral and in other scenarios we actually found a negative effect in essence the argument is is that the the build up if the build up of information through the sequence is in Congress with the final action then it's more likely that this will have a negative impact on and to suppression.

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And we followed that up with a couple of other studies again looking up the congregants or incongruence between the information that's available in the display as the action falls on the performers a priority predictions of what might happen given the particular context and situation. When these 2 sources of information a Congress wants to set anticipations facilitate it when they're in Congress it has a negative impact on them to suppose.

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I'll also say that over the last 5 years or so. We kind of also broadened this program work into looking up falls in all the Ronald's and we started off using fixed structural walkways in the laboratory setting as you can see on the left hand side here and what we did is we had older adults with high and low fear of falling traversing these pathways as we recorded movement kinematics and gaze behaviors.

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Ultimately what we were interested in here is how fear of falling rather paradoxically increases your chances of falling in future through a process called cognitive reinvestment So in other words because you're anxious you begin to think about aspects of the movement that are previously become automated This takes a central attention capacity and is more likely to increase your chances of falling more recently what we've been doing is we've been using virtual reality environments to create more realistic spatial navigation tasks with older adults in the not only now do we have them traversing a typical walkway or pathway but we're also increasing the perceptual cognitive demands of the task by for instance having people walk towards them on the pavement or having to cross a road with time pressures.

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In a road crossings an area so in other words what we're looking at here is the perception on cognitive and motor to months of gait in older adults and how that's impacted by fear for ing and as I think and how it leads to cognitive reinvestment. And we've also used the various of the measures can mattocks and eye tracking.

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So let me finish off the last 15 minutes or so by talking a little bit about some of the work that we've been doing on simulation training simulation and yes continues to grow. Is now used extensively in a wide variety domains certainly military combat aviation and medicine its use in sport is less prevailing but it is a growing field or area.

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As I said the potential advantages of simulation is that it allows us to control the exposure to different perceptual cognitive environments that's providing repeated exposure to those scenarios probably greater than one would come across in real life scenario but inevitably there are still problems with this type of approach not least of course is the concept of how do we measure transfer.

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Whereas by and large simulation training results in an improvement in performance as measured in the simulated environment we still less clear and to the extent to which the simulation training results in a meaningful transfer to improvement in the real world scenario so we've been playing around with the use of different measures and methods to measure transfer but using field based testing subjective ratings towards a different performance analytics to try and measure transfer we most of the work we've done historically has been using video.

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But we've also been doing some field based simulation training. More recently we've moved quite a lot into virtual reality. Because obviously that has a lot of advantages in regards to be interactive nature of stimuli. A lot of the questions we've been answering are sort of theoretically driven and grounded in the work around model learning and skill acquisition and I'm just going to give a few examples.

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In fact one of the one of the big problems with this as an area guess is that there is a tendency certainly in the plight translational context for people to get driven by the technology but clearly the technology on its own is insufficient and what we need to do is to couple that technology with appropriate instructional systems design so there are lots of interesting questions here around what kind of simulation is most effective how do we convey information how do we provide instruction how do we structure practice how do we provide feedback except trip and one question that we've been interested in in keeping with our interests around cognitive reinvestment and skill Autum a to city is looking at the relative advantages of.

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X. split an implicit learning in the instruction process. Just to illustrate one study that we did a couple of papers actually published in j.p. apply. 10 years or so ago we. We had a training paradigm which involved trying to enhance the ability of tennis players to anticipate for and back and drive shots tennis so we actually had.

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2 experimental groups we had a group that received explicit instruction So in essence we would say to them look at the hips if the hip is in this position then the ball will go crosscourt if the hip is in that position it will go down the line and then we had a more implicit like instruction approach but it's not implicit learning of course because there is some cognitive engagement here so this is what we call problem focused training or it could be described as guided discovery so what we did is in essence we just told him Look look this is shot the goes down the line this is a shot that goes crosscourt look at the look at the hips look at the difference between these 2 shots can you pick up any information from the rich midriff that may help you in making that particular judgment.

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So we measured effectiveness off caught using a large video screen pressure sensitive parts we recorded gaze data movement kinematics and learn in terms of a measure of transfer we actually had all the partisan points go on court and we use high speed film to look at the time of initiation of the learners movements on this side of the screen relative to relative to ball rocket contact by the opponent the other side of the screen so.

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The top data here is from the laboratory based video based task the data below is from the field based task. We actually have 4 groups we had a placebo group control group placebo group just watch videos of tennis matches with the control group that just completed the pre and the post and then we had the 2 instruction groups which are of actually label kind of discovery here so in essence what you see here is that both types of instruction showed a significant improvement in performance pre-composed test.

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The lower the time the earlier the decision was made the simplifying In essence they were quicker in making these kinds of judgments we didn't find the expected differences between the explicit instruction and guided discovery Grupo ever. So what we decided to do was to follow up with another study that involved a longer acquisition period though the Previous to be only involved for training sessions over a one and a half hour period whereas in this particular study we did.

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Several sessions a week over a 4 week period and this time we are 3. Training groups we had an explicit rules group a guide to discover a group or a discovery learning group. 0 here is the moment of ball rocket contact So what you see here is that over acquisition the acquisition period all 3 groups improve their performance the explicit rules group probably improved performance more quickly over the 1st 3 weeks but there was no difference statistically between these 3 groups by the end of the acquisition period so some evidence to suggest that more explicit forms of instruction pursue a little more rapid performance gains.

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Than we. We did a post test a traditional poster asked. Which was a day after the acquisition period. Actually there was no significant difference although there is some difference in the means even there was no significant difference between the explicit guide to discover and Discovery Learning Group all 3 groups improved relative to the control group.

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Again the lower the time the quicker the response and the more evidence of anticipation per se the more interesting findings here are those we actually had a delayed retention Tess that involved stress manipulation so we had them perform some old and some new clips and the high levels of anxiety.

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As you see here we found a strong reversal effect in the group that I'd learnt the skill explicitly showed no improvement in performance from the Preterist to the delay the place test whereas the guided discovery on the Discovery Learning groups showed a significant improvement so I conclude by saying that whilst there is evidence here that more explicit forms of instruction pursue more rapid acquisition it appears that less explicit forms of instruction like guided discovery and Discovery Learning deemed to promote better long term learning resilience and performance and stress so there's lots of interesting issues here around you know what information do we train which cues do we highlight what patterns what probabilities.

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If it's as appears evident that all of these different perceptual cognitive skills interact then can we train each of these skills in isolation or do we need to create training environments where all 3 skills or all these various perceptual consequence are working in an interactive manner. There's also a lot of interesting work a guess around how do we schedule this type of practice specific versus variable so in keeping with the model learning literature specific practice let's say in regards to the foreign drive shot in tennis would be trying to anticipate before and drive shot that went to exactly the same place on the core the same level of depth whereas variable practice may be a foreign drive shot that was shot in the court middle of the court and long on the court that there is some variability there whereas block practice would be just spending half an hour training the ability to an to support a volley shots at the net and around the practice might be trying to anticipate a serve before and drive the volley in the Smush and in keeping with most of the work around variability practice and contractual interference effect from the more learning literature the evidence supports the value of variable and run them practice over specific block so a little bit like the work on x. splits and implicit learning again specific block practice produce faster changes in performance during acquisition variable and run them practice schedules produce better long term learning and retention.

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This is an example of a study that we did where we. Used the traditional learning design in Seoul one group received block practice. Roll for instance maybe a case of. 30 trials with a foreign driver 30 trials with the back under 30 drives with the Smush whereas the other group would view them in a random manner.

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Whilst there was no difference in this instance across these 2 groups during a condition what you see here is that the accuracy making these judgments significantly improved. For the run the practice group on the side and on the 2 month retention tests there's also been some work on imagery we've published a couple of papers looking at imagery as a method potentially of developing these perceptual cognitive skills.

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Lot of potentially interesting questions to be addressed around developmental considerations. What should we be doing this kind of simulation training with experts intermediates or novices. Certainly in terms of looking at things from a developmental perspective are they key time windows for the development of these types of perceptual cognitive skills and how is this reflected in the manner in which we're setting up and delivering these types of training programs so that the final comment I make errors and said is that simulation training is now used quite extensively across many demands of professional expertise from sport through to every ation the military and medicine.

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The think the technology is moving forward a pace we probably need more research work better identifies how this type of training should be better structured and delivered in order to optimize the more rapid acquisition of perceptual cognitive expertise in these types of tar 6 and probably one of the point I'd add here as well is that we still need more research what that looks at how stress impacts on perception and decision making in these types of scenarios and and also different types of stress or as I said we've done a lot of work on things are to lot of work on his or tickle to teach some work on mental fatigue but what evidence is that these different stressors are not cumulative in man or in so much as not.

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What happens is that experts become better able to optimize and prioritize how they allocate attention in these types of tasks such that performance is not always negatively affected so the become much better at sharing resources if you like in a much more efficient and effective manner. Ok I think that that's my calling up I just try to give you a very broad overview of one of the main areas of interest around sexual cognitive expertise.

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How it's developed and might be training questions I guess. Thank you very much Mark it was really really interesting in Looks like we have. Some time for questions anybody want to do an mute and ask a question or to provide one in the chat please go ahead Mark this is Randy angle ironic in here yeah yeah yeah I just want to do what you have your mind to think you'd be most interested in following up on.

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If you moved to Georgia Tech sort of we have a number of different programs where would you see yourself fitting and I could I guess I can see spreading across a number of them so I just wonder what your thoughts work yeah I mean certainly when I look through the documentation there was a 32 or 3 areas I mean.

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Cognitive and Brain Sciences is an obvious one even engineering psychology even aging with. You know all of a viable threats I mean I'd certainly be interested in continuing the focus on perceptual cognitive expertise should I moved to Georgia. I've just been developing some very good links of late with both the Navy Health Research Center in Sunday a go the Walter Reed Army Research Center in Tacoma.

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You know they're particularly interested in stress and decision making in combat scenarios so it seems to to be that they made a good opportunity there for regular stream of d.o.d. funding through those avenues Plus the work on radiography is interesting and in fact one of my collaborators on that route is that Emory University which is just down the road medical was a prescription skip.

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Was a fairly big name in that area so that would be helpful source of collaboration but the work on Aging falls in the elderly remains interesting I mean I you know I often I often have trouble describing myself but I probably use whatever descriptive best suits who I'm speaking to you know I clearly my background is in cognitive science but also of a background by the comics in motor control in more learning in more behavior.

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Little bit in Euro science so it means that it's potentially an attractive set of skills in regards to looking at things from a multidisciplinary perspective thank you. I've got a question from somebody who's way outside your area of expertise but you talked about 2 kinds of of expertise here one is the ability of an observer of of of a match to predict what's going to happen next and new focused on.

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How gays was was used by experts and on an expert's and viewing a given contest for example versus somebody who's actually learning to do the test whatever it happens to be to learn how to play soccer whatever happens to be. Are those 2 forms of expertise. I mean I'm sure they're linked to some extent but if somebody is say becomes an expert soccer player do that does that make them immediately an expert of server who can will use all the gays shifts that you were talking about that an expert would typically do in order to predict what's going to happen next or is there some separate skill that's developed there.

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Certainly we do learn through observation or practice and reminds me of a study that it a couple of decades ago actually where we looked at the development of these perceptual cognitive skills in a group of. Less experienced soccer players a group of physically disabled spectators who'd actually never played the game but had accumulated as much experience of observing matches as the 3rd group the skill group of players and actually accumulated through playing.

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And we did find that the perceptual cognitive skills of the the physically disabled group was actually better than the less experienced players so clearly they are accumulating relevant knowledge in that regard but there's also obviously quite a lot of evidence around ports of perception action coupling as well on the development for instance of mirror neurons in the brain which highlights that we do learn a lot through doing so probably the right different types of knowledge that are required here through different types of practice so I think ultimately the short answer is that we can learn through observational practice and of course we can learn perhaps somewhat differently through actually physically performing.

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That's a bit of a. Kind of what if question. Given that you focused more on a physically demanding. And do you believe that your research is generalizable to that it needs sports round I only ask because I recently found that once like that major competition where you have you know the sporting game is in the millions of dollars and I think there was that much.

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You know. Attention those sorts of activities it seems like that transition from you know the simulated environment to the physical environment might not be as big of a challenge. In that context if you were to apply this to. Yeah I mean it's certainly a great question I'm in no doubt that the sports sector is growing massively.

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And even if you look at it from the high performance I'm going you know in the sense of. I mean 3040 years ago there wasn't much sports science support of elite athletes and then that's mushrooms over the last few decades and I think the same power rolls in are coming into the sports you know in that they now have their sports psychologist them their dietitian and it's becoming a big industry of its own.

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Surprisingly vast far that hasn't been to my knowledge of huge amount of research on expertise in sports per se. Although I would think a lot of the underlying processes are mechanisms of probably transfer of across different domains of expertise so concepts like deliberate practice some of the specific adaptations that occur which reflect the you know unique adaptability in plasticity of those environments are probably to be likely to be demonstrated in those types of domains but.

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And I've got a couple of preliminary discussions but ultimately it's about the from the billeted of that work and where the money's coming from but I can see that potentially being a growth area moving forward. I mean any area really the focus is on expertise how do we develop it more efficiently and and it's translational impact on performance is probably likely to attract a fair bit of research moving forward but potentially very interesting and fascinating demanding.

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Appreciate the answer and thank you for your car. Thank you thank you m.r. I got a question for you here I have questions own question. You know also about your work seems like likely to be highly collaborative is the sense I'm getting and I was just wondering you know taking that to Georgia Tech for example would you imagine.

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Continuing the coverage since you have in addition or perhaps moving some of them to Georgia Tech Do you see faculty across a campus that you could do that work with Well the short answer would be all of the above but the but yes I mean both are supposed is is the reality of it in the sense that you know as a circle you're on of it's.

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Only just started developing these good contacts with the Office of Naval health research and the Walter Reed center. Navar the forces in the door so to speak I think there are a lot of potentially good opportunities so I want to keep those links there are people that you tell them sure continue to collaborate with.

[00:49:24]
There are people up other institutes globally nationally regionally that I'm sure I would collaborate with of she started some collaborations also the Institute for Human Machine cognition done in Pensacola so. Of course I'd be interested in looking at. Potential interesting collaboration in the school across the college and across the institution whether it's.

[00:49:53]
And to nearing psychology neuroscience aging. Or sort of computing science education engineering. And as I said I One of my own age grants is as a collaborator already in Atlanta through Emory So maybe potentially good source of collaboration move forward as well given the physical proximity. So I've always been one to actively explore opportunities to collaborate because I guess it makes sure that everyone is more efficient and effective and also I like the the kind of different ways of looking at the same problems that the quick follow after you know I'm sure I saw me was so precious so is part of that work you.

[00:50:39]
Have students that you sort of become mentor or do you work with students that are mentored by advisors and difference that state departments how do you typically manage that. Both I mean I have. I'm around 10 ph d. students at the moment but some are in psychology and I'm on supervisory committees.

[00:51:04]
People like David Strayer Sarra crime region Janine Stefano g. they reckon it's in the names Dr Drew so we collaborate and I'm Johnny on those committees Plus I have my own pitch the students in my department plus some on the committees of. Other people in the department who are doing some work related area there's one ph d. student doing what on concussion and the concussion impacts possible stability.

[00:51:34]
Some work on rehabilitation from injury so in keeping with my broad interests of collaborating widely through research that probably is reflected in the nature of the people the students that I supervise it's Ok well if not. He probably needs a well deserved break from me so. Thank you again we'll give you an ovation through the airwaves and.

[00:52:09]
Thank you very much very interesting to talk to see you soon Ok Thank you everybody.