Well in these kinds of forums you usually
hear about some wonderful sources

of new energy like solar cells and when.

They're supposed to solve all
the problems of the Lord and they do.

Unfortunately I don't have
very exciting news about.

A brand new source of energy and
my message is a little bit more about

just being careful and using what you
have a little bit more more efficiently.

So I hope I can do for a.

For some time this afternoon.

So the big topic of today's
talk is pathways to inherently

efficient system wide
thermal energy utilization.

So there are many I direct is there I
will be restricting myself to the energy.

I will be restricting
myself to utilization and

although I will be
talking about efficiency.

It's a little bit different way
of looking at efficiencies not

individual components it
systemwide energy efficiency.

That's my focus.

So.

Let me just start out
with with this just just

about a week ago President Obama said
that by twenty thirty five eighty

percent of America's electorate that
he will come from clean energy sources.

And I was kind of falling
off asleep watching T.V.

at that time and when he said that I
sort of you know you got a jolt and

walk up and say well my God Or

does that mean this is them achievable
goal that sounds pretty ambitious.

Is this a monolithic approach are we
just going for clean energy sources.

Is it a wise goal to just go for
clean energy sources with the emphasis on

sources are there other complementary
of options that we can use.

And what does clean energy mean.

And I hope to address some of the things.

In the next several slides.

So here is the outline first of all I'll
talk about how thermal energy is used

and then I'll switch over to a slightly
different topic of phase change heat and

mass transfer because while we talk
about policies and new ideas and so on.

You need certain calm points and
devices and systems to make those

things happen and you need some of these
fundamentals to make those out of them and

then switch over to some
novel applications of those

those phenomena to be able to alter
the thermal energy use landscape

some of the examples that we go
over miniaturizing conventional

heat pumps maybe look at wearable cooling
instead of cooling the whole room.

Thermally activated absorption
micro heat pumps adsorption

heat pumps low grade waste heat recovery.

I'll show you that there's plenty
of low grade waste heat and

what do we do with it.

Megawatt scale energy harvesting and

naval ships thermal management of
electro chemical storage systems carbon

capture and so
after covering sort of on a fairly

superficial way these
different technologies.

Then I'll try to give you some perspective
of where I think things are going.

And so there is a common
slogan that we use in our lab.

Every day I ask the students if they've
been saving the world one heat exchanger

at a time and so
hopefully you will see some of that.

So let me just tell you for
since most of us are from campus where we

are this is this is the love building.

And we're across the railroad tracks so
to speak.

And we are in the combustion lab
area in the narrow complex and

so that's that's where we are.

This is where the sustainable thermal
systems lab is I see Team Luhan be.

He works over there sometimes.

And so on.

So this is not new here and

you enter the lab complex there and
this is our lab billing and

that's where most of the stuff
that we're talking about happens.

So in case you're interested in
learning some more about what we do

need to become visitors over there.

We do some interesting
things the lab that we

have is different from most other
labs I've seen Georgia Tech or

really country wide we have
big boilers at high pressures.

Steam.

Chil coolant supply wind tunnels
that have controlled ambience and

controlled humidity.

We have multiple seams supply stations and

by metal chambers that control the
temperatures to very precise conditions

a very very low temperature minus
fifty five Celsius chiller and

one hundred seventy five years old chiller
that supplies cooling needs for the lab so

with this we can have a lot of fun and
I hope to share some of that fun today.

So I told you that I will talk
primarily about formal energy.

And what this slide is supposed
to show is that that's not

a very restrictive approach in fact.

It's in fact mostly thermal everything
that you do is mostly thermal

It may not look like it but
if you look at the energy consumption or

the primary world energy supply.

And add up coal or
oil and natural gas then.

More than eighty percent of the world's
energy supply starts thermally and

then if you include nuclear
which is also primarily a.

And you can merge and you're looking
at about eighty seven percent and

many of the renewable energy sources also
have to go through that thermal pathway.

So when you start talking about thermal
energy conversion as you've covered

quite a quite a large scope
of energy conversions.

Another way to look at this and
I'm sure you've seen this kind of a graph

many times but what I'd like to point out
is this is sort of the energy balance on

the electricity balance
of the USA fairly recent.

This is the energy that goes
in from various sources.

This is the electricity that is generated.

And look at the size of this bar
this is all the conversion losses.

So the electricity supply
it is fourteen quads.

Whereas the conversion primarily

thermal to mechanical energy
conversion losses are twenty seven.

So what does that tell you two thirds of
the energy that's applied for electricity

conversion is probably way we're throwing
away two thirds of that energy and

only using one third.

So our approach in our

lab is not to look at more
sources necessarily but to mine.

What we already have reduced energy
output is the way to look at it.

Large inefficiencies are there
in source to end user chains.

As I just showed you.

So rather than looking at supplying

more if you if you save one penny of
the end use because of that multiplication

factor that I talked about you're saving
several pennies of source energy.

So our focus is on the left
side of the equation.

And in fact all of the energy savings
measures are pretty easy to implement

people just don't do it.

And this directly also translates
to reduced emissions and

global climate change implications.

So our philosophy is that
energy supply should be

driven really from the bottom up.

How much do you need and then you add
those all up to do the supply and so

that's the philosophy is that.

The research that we do.

One other way to substantiate this is if
you look at the primary energy input.

OK for electricity generation
coal gas nuclear renewable and

other waste heat this
is what you throw away.

Now just flip your mind a little bit and

say why not think of this waste not
as something you throw away but

as a source and then things start
becoming quite interesting.

So as I said before two thirds
of our energy is rejected.

Of course and quite a bit of this has to
do with the car no second law efficiency

laws we can't escape that.

But what is that low value of
the use of the temperature.

That's where some of the innovations that
we can bring about on the end use side.

Provides a lot of promise and
opportunities for design innovations.

So we can still liberate Cardo but we have
to find a different way to read our energy

utilization to still follow him but

get more out of it and
reducing that two thirds

of that rejected energy is the best
carbon sequestration mechanism.

So this is high grade energy
this is low grade energy and

we're going to focus on looking at
ways to use this there's plenty of it

is there's an abundant supply of this.

So let's set the stage here and
say suppose you are generating

power then you're using that high grade
portion of that combustible fuel.

But you're throwing away
the rest of it as we see

on the other hand if your water
heater at home is using natural gas.

It's also burning something at
very very high temperatures but

you're only using it to heat water
to about sixty degrees Celsius.

And so you're throwing away
all this availability and

just to get a little bit
of a lukewarm water.

Instead if you find uses for
that thermal energy.

Across the entire temperature spectrum.

Then you've you've you've used
that initially combusted fuels.

Much more efficiently and
we're going to try to fill these bars and

the rest of this lecture here.

Just one more slide of that nature in
today's Energy look like they should and

if you have a process here
you supply some energy and

some of it goes to waste your supplies and
energy and all of it goes to waste and so

on and so for there are these large
waste things that we throw away.

On the other hand if you cascade the so
that this waste stream supply is the next.

And lose.

And then this way stream supply and use

then you sort of link these without that
that amount that you're throwing away.

So already you reduce the amount
of input energy that's required.

I have been talking about energy
efficiency of an individual device yet.

Now if you improve the energy efficiency
of individual devices you can get

some more.

And then if you can also
somehow account for

the temporal variations in the energy.

And move them out through
energy storage technologies.

And also account for.

Concentrating the rebel
locally diffuse energies from

far away places to a concentrated
location like that and

then all you need to do is supply this
much with that clean energy source.

So if President Obama were talking
about this rather than this.

That goal would look much more achievable.

And I think in this series last year and
this year you have.

Quite a bit about this.

We are going to talk about
from going from here to here.

So that we have less need for
energy to begin with.

In my lab we look at a variety
of these waste heat sources and

we look at different pathways of
converting them to something more useful.

We look at adsorption technologies adds
Ocean Technologies vapor compression and

expansion electro chemical conversion and

then what we are after is heating
cooling covering some work and

therefore electricity out of it energy
storage and also carbon capture.

So this is the framework in
which our research is organized

I mentioned several
different technologies and

one way to look at this is to just sort
of do a screening analysis of how these

different approaches might be useful
at different temperatures scales.

When you talk about waste heat all of the
street and all heat is not created equal.

There has to be a temperature associated
with it and most of us chemists and

little mirrors and mechanical engineers
do have the concept of availability or X.

or so on but if you look at sort
of the different temperatures of

Source Heat available if you were to take
some microcode and exhaust there and

use it for abs option cooling using
a double effect you are actually

multiplying that waste heat will
ability to one point three.

If you take for example truck exhaust or
process plant waste heat and

then do an organic ranking cycle or you
couple it with them with a compressor and

use that energy to drive a compressor
then you can recover thirteen percent of

the waste heat as work which is excellent
energy conversion efficiencies and

then you will add by a factor for me to
get cooling out of that recovered work

if you go to some generic
commercial exhaust sources and.

Abs ocean cooling these compliments
you can get this kind of performance.

We did a variety of these
baseline cases and we said OK

we'll actually treat one hundred twenty
Celsius as high temperature waste heat.

OK And then we'll put it through
these different routes and you

can get cooling you can get cooling using
mechanical components you can get work.

You can get a different
kind of ranking cycle and

get better match source and use and
then you can also transform the heat.

This is something that used to be talked
about in the one nine hundred seventy S.

and so on and hasn't been looked at that
much but you can actually take heat and

upgrade it to high temperature heat
with it seems as high as forty seven for

a pretty percent depending on what your
source and temperatures are we even

looked at low temperatures at
ninety three and even went

down to sixty Celsius heat and so can we
do something with it and in fact we're

able to do a lot of things with that if
you arrange resources and things properly.

So you can in the cover all of this heat
and get some useful outputs out of it

and so here is sort of a matrix
a high level matrix of the end

user is possible now of course you see a
lot of these borders and a lot of cycles.

How do you make this happen.

Well when you start looking at
the cycles that do these things

then you really you notice that you need
several heat exchange devices and so on.

As you go to internal recuperation and
you need more devices to

do this you need more heat exchanger
Well nobody wants to pay for those.

First of all because they have large and

secondly because they may be expensive but
if we can make this happen.

With micro scale heat or
mass transfer technologies and so

on and try to find it you know that it's.

Stansell internally cooperation and
the higher cycle efficiencies.

Can be achieved even spite of the fact
that they have large components in

fact that's where engineers like us have
the opportunity to contribute to this and

somehow find high surface area
as a low volumes and so on.

So there's no shortage of these kinds
of ideas I mean lots of wonderful

ideas daya because people know
how to actually make them work.

Translation to implement the bill
technology has lagged far behind.

And usually the fundamental
entire time and translated into.

Manufacture will controllable and
affordable complements

hopefully by the end of palatable to show
you some ways of making that happen.

So let's look at this
without if he were talking

about small temperature differences we
don't have that three thousand degrees F..

So any more.

We have compressed that
temperature spectrum and

therefore we have to be able
to do more with less delta T..

So if you look at the basic heat transfer
equation of heat transfer equal to

heat transfer the option time surface
area that for T. the Delpy is small.

Now therefore to achieve the same
amount of you need either air.

Therefore you must provide
more a must increase and

then you have to be able to use
that that thirty more effectively

you get high heat
transfer coefficients and

you also get high surface areas for
low volumes and though this is very good.

You can fit a lot of transfer
surface area in small spaces and

also the working fluid as many of the
working people consider it had as well.

Flammable or toxic or something like that
and the less you do them the better.

And when you go to the smaller
companies you don't need such

large inventor of the fluid.

But to be able to do all of this you have
to understand fundamentals of faith and

you can amass transfer.

Especially at the micro scales and so
I'm going to both of you slide in in

the next segment of the presentation
to work on the fundamentals and

then go back to applying them to
develop complements and devices.

So let's look at internal flows usually
heat transfer is accomplished between and

if you lose.

I advice and if you are going on the other
side of that device and if you look at

small devices we do research on
micro scale condensation boiling and

so on in channels as small as this we're

talking about something like that and
one hundred microns one hundred microns or

less is nothing fancy when you're
talking about nanotechnology and so

on but very few people have looked at
these change boiling condensation and

those phenomena at least and

we're trying to get better understanding
of the phenomena at all scales so

we take some very good quality videos of
those process in the condensation that.

Mysterious very very small
channels going to suck

beneath their scales and you see that dip
depending on the different conditions.

It could be and could be.

It could be wavy flows and
so on and so forth and

usually you find it as you
go to the smaller scales.

It's primarily this
intermittent type of flow and

you have to be able to model it
because surface tension in fact made.

And so that way the flow of the gravity
dominated the flow goes away and

that liquid move around and
form this kind of a lot of behavior

so that we look at modeling these things
by saying that the pressure drop or

that flow that providing that flow is
composed of the pressure drop in the slot

and the pressure drop and
the fill in the bubble in the face and

the pressure drop in
the transitions because here Bill.

It is slowing in the process and

kind of goes around this and it has
less cross-sectional area to go through.

So there is some acceleration that
happens and then it comes on the side and

it be a bigger cross-section.

And then we do that here you
balance that this liquid and

if and when we do all of that
we are able to apportion.

The pressure drop to these
different phenomena and

then we develop individual models for
each of these and them and

them and here then we are able to say
OK this ocean of the pressure drop this

data point happened because of the slug
this happened because of the bubble and

this is due to the transitions and we're
going to start those kinds of models for

circular and non-circular geometry if
you cut out a wide range of macro scale.

Channels that are used for
these devices their

ads before elections when you get some
very poor agreement between the data and

the model of our models are able to get
you very very close even though we're

talking about some very small channels and
so

we go for that not just qualitative and
cities but to be

able to actually track the whole of these
bubbles in time so that we can directly

compute to the public a lot at the end of
the slip in the report and the liquid and

would also be able to capture things like
bubble collapse and you see eighty two.

Bubbles and then they coalesce into
this and we're able to model that and

then we calculated actions because this
is important in vivid in determining

how much pressure drop and I'll keep
That's what happens as this vapor and

liquid mixture flows through and once you
do that you can actually use that void

fracture and create an as you
are flowing through those channels.

As an indicator of the flow.

It can actually discriminate between
the different flow of James and nation.

So some of the fundamentals
that we applied.

I understand internal flows.

But then there is the access to the post
to reduce the thermal resistance.

By an order of magnitude but
you still left that external resistance.

You may be able to take the heat from
inside glued to the tube wall but

you won't be able to put it
beyond that because of that.

Big problem of the stairs outside.

So you have to focus on the outside
to hear some representation of.

Me outside of the tubes.

If you look at a few I assume have
had some fluid mechanics and so on.

If you look at it.

There is a temperature profile
that said out of their

concentration profile and there's a lot
of people at most of that it looks at

least as simple as laminate films but

at the velocities increase there
are waves that are fed up and

then when you look at rope it's because

if you've ever seen a really rock
on a window it doesn't describe

the flow of the land when the pressure
on it flows or it accumulates and

then it goes down because of different
advancing into contact angles.

So with those and then one day this
phenomenon occurs there's an internally

circulation too but
when you put heat from inside and

you're trying to transport it in here you
have for these recent elections to and

these are the numbers and
concentration that are set up and

then we go about looking at the flows
that I'm going to film on the surface and

that's all they don't know what happens
when this is going out to banks

falls from one to the next drop
that formation elongate and.

On that happened there
needs to be accounted for.

If you want to calculate
the heat transfer better and

then somehow design better components.

So we see that there's a drop that that's

falling from the first moment and
then they'll be

really be set up which was great and
break up the remainder of the smaller

problems and satellite both that I thought
I had droplets and then when it falls.

If you manage with a new company.

It all gets churned up and so

the concentration profiles are changing
as it impacts and if you look at this

in this sort of saddle wave pattern and
sweeps away that previously.

And you have to account for that too as
the concentration profiles and temperature

profile change and then sometimes for
the rest of the surface tension effects.

So we model a lot of the actually

image analysis to see
how much of the battle

in those droplets so that we can model
the heat in mass times for better.

And what we hear that goes.

I think about your brain showing.

Thereby providing more possibilities and

this is important in
designing a compliment.

And you will see in a couple of anybody
trying to do experimental work and

you know regime analysis we conducted
independent computations of

that same phenomenon without any knowledge
of this and we were able to match

them into the computation sixteen
really well and all the phenomena you

see in the experiments are captured
here including the way for the public.

Formation the long mission and
so on and so forth.

That's why we have this information and
then.

You can also catch heat in math class but
it's because remember our objective is to

transfer as much heat as possible across
small going face and so it is in this

case this happens to be a little bit of
that water falling over a clue to you and

you will notice that when
the mood of the tube and then

that concentration profile spreads out
you can go from that highly concentrated

action to my Fraction And

here is the temperature is to be sure but
if that here it is being cooled and

it's going away from the cool tube so
it warms up and then through that again.

So we've dissolved the problem
mentions and full blast.

I am simulation and
understand it and I'm going to and

these are the kinds of insights we get if
you feel if you try to float too much flow

over these tubes or space that closely.

Trying to stuff into the same same
space then people believe any good.

So you have to leave the trade off.

You've got to form this bridge
no heat is going anywhere.

There's not much transfer surface area.

So those kinds of design
optimal geometries.

So now with that background both internal
and external flows we can look at.

Devices that use that inside a very
very simple example use household.

It consists of a compressor and
an indoor boiler and outlook oil and

if you look carefully at the air
conditioner and your house or

apartment or or dorm.

You'll see that they have friends.

But they're much more efficient
geometry it's a little now and

look under the hood of your car you'll see
these devices where there are parallel.

And these little word friends.

How did you get a certain level
of combat from this to help you.

It was decided by maybe a factor of two
but then you're still trying to stop

that from that it into
the air which is the poor me.

We looked at Mike for
microchannel heat exchangers first but

the heat from the president
to a liquid and then you

can enter and
you're the first of chambers and

so you see the president complaining
packaging for everybody back and

even said that anywhere and you're
not transferring he was sent back and

forth on the inside of
the house to be out.

And so that saves a lot in food pantry.

In fact if we didn't charge
somebody to do this by

ten thousand conventional systems
when you do things like that.

Another example is
the wearable cooling system

that is driven by a small tank of fuel.

We took a small model and holding it
compressed using one of those four for

a pedaling your bicycle and

we converted that in the compressor and
we coupled it here to this convention.

So the person where they're
going to get outside and

they see the operator the best and
there are evaporator coil and so on.

It is the best and this will actually ran
something like five miles per hour on and

I'm going to help a lot of them and
able to keep it cool.

And something like this with
a five kilobit on the system

only five kilograms you get
things out of the cooling.

If you.

Also do a lot of cross counterflow

matching most of the top of
the heat exchangers be crossed.

If you had a couple of them to do it
would you become innovative passages and

produce very large in your soup.

And the process in the form
of the naming cycles by using

conventional he might be able
to drop that only so when it is

across the expansion valve the amount of
evaporation possible is only a start but

if you lose everything if you know that
you've been pulling down all the way here

and then it expands down the pressure
you get the entire the home for your

operation so we've already a factor
of two guys illustrated in this.

So we do that in those kinds of
compounds to reduce footprints and the.

Heating and cooling effect effectively

a lot about research in our lab has to do
with some of the activated heat pumps.

If you take a standard action cycle.

Here's the evaporator So it expands and

across these bottles it picks up your
heat and then it's compressed and

sent to the injection happens in
an absorption cycle you replace that

compressor which is a part that consumes
electricity thermally driven system and

now you have a wide variety of sources.

And about here instead of
compression you're actually boiling

out of the solution.

And if you go with them and

then it is absorbed into that
dilute solution coming back.

The only here is a small pump
which consumes less at that end of

the electricity that have become present
system work because they're pumping liquid

instead of gas which is
very difficult to do and.

Doesn't use any thing that fluids and it
uses any kind of weight that he might have

so we found ways to make that happen
with some innovative complements for

example that inside that I showed you in
turn and experiment I got some flows.

Well used to design
this microchannel tube.

It's a five inch by inch
tall here exchanger does

all that they put into the solution so you
drop dilute solution down this array and

send up the array and
have rated absorbed into

that by your solution generating
concentrated solution in the bottom and

that heap of other than is taken away
by coolant doobs So when you have

this coolant blow up a very small channels
the thermal resistance is negligible and

on the outside because of the impact
across the the tube or a then

there is a lot of mixing that happens
that the extra resistance goes down too.

So with this residential
air conditioning absorber

Not only that but the same components.

We have one other thing at the top

can be used at the generator
instead of having diluted down.

It was then.
Concentrated solution down and

then as a fall down.

In hot flew through that we
lowered you sent through the two

Senate boys off the refrigerator.

At here.

So from a manufacturer point of
view the exact same geometry.

Can be used to absolve
evaporated condensed and so on.

So you just make all the things and
you have a heat pump and

it can be packed into a very very small
package and it only uses smooth tubes and

so that's the kind of and fattening and
they're there and the thing.

So in the lab if you come.

And I looked in he pond and
this is taller than me but this

is a full scale absorption test facility
and nobody wants this in their backyard.

OK if you want it going to be prone
to course this is research so

that we have a lot of action and so on but

we have been able to bring
this kind of a lot of.

Absorption system down to want to
do this and then we scale it up

larger heat capacity is commercial air
conditioning systems commercial stealers

and so on on the other hand we brought
it down to a very very small size still

there actually built and Matt Damon who
did his Ph D. with me a few years ago and

they're both about that lad but
he's sitting in the audience.

He's the one who built this where
if you may have seen this book.

This is the basic that
we use in our courses.

We've built an entire heat pump in this.

This compound and many

say it's microtonal features and

then you can see the outlines
of those compound and so

the evaporated the condenser
the rectifier all

of the things are built
into this have to be built.

We've tested it and we've demonstrated
three hundred watts of cooling

packet this small heat
as a matter of course.

So if you look at commercial you read.

We believe that we can get
something like four cubic

feet a fridge and
sixty pounds per refers in time for

the end they're going to System State of
the art in something like three times

that rate of the article in
the volume as well as the weight.

So we we believe we can do this and
this work is being funded by art.

Right now and there are many
possibilities with that that we

can either think in terms of a very very
small almost no air conditioning unit but

zoned comfort across buildings or
we can actually integrate that unit and

that monolithic block that you see
in different rooms or the ability

to put in putting these radiant
floors which are very comparable and

very appreciative for heating and cooling
and so the source would come in here.

It would generate warm liquid for
doing your heating

and it will also generate cold liquid for
doing your chilling so

be that different alternatives be
implementation of that meeting and

we believe that if if we can
come up with that model.

We call that a model.

Because if you can increase it
decrease it in capacity by adding

plates by changing the size
of the each of them.

And then it's a hobby because we can
do cooling we can do heating and

they also supply water heating for
the house.

So the entire energy needs of that
house be put into the package and

conventional systems use this
amount of primary energy be

we can do it means that by this time and
went in the units

therefore would cost this much to run we
can decrease the operating cost this much.

So we believe we can actually achieve
fifty percent primary energy savings for

all these functions by
implementing something like this.

So that's the savings in time and
energy that the savings in operating cost

and this will bring about a pattern of
time shift in how people use energy for

buildings right now to supply
electricity you need this whole grid

infrastructure from outside and
possibly need some kind of.

Talk to deliver gas or you need gas or

oil or something like that
you need a water heater.

You need a furnace you need
an outdoor unit and so on.

Instead you could either use
a microcode an exhaust or

you can even use solar energy and
with this model or

thought of satisfy all the needs

of the house in a small packet like
that and it can use a little soft and

lean like solar energy or a some kind
of a gas main microbe and so on.

This will achieve that need
a lot less energy conversion.

But I talked to you about when I started
talking about the cascade of energy

systems and this is what leads to
that high primary energy efficiency.

People think that micro scale
technologies are only applicable for

very very small things like over
to small things a small thing.

Now we've actually extrapolate
the use of magnets down all the way

to very very large just as we've
we've developed systems that will do

we keep recovery and
vast naval ships they can do something

like three hundred megawatts of thermal
energy to propel the ship and all and all

it's exhilarating is they need about one
hundred watts of electricity demand a lot

of electricity three hundred megawatts
they throw away two hundred megawatts.

If you use that to run a lift him up and
then cooling it.

Close to it and then he will to be
able compression system cascading

absorption and be able to pressure
the systems then you can not only get

regular cabin come for a type of
cooling but then use this to bring

the temperature down all the way to minus
forty Celsius almost completely on that we

need we've been able to show that we two
hundred megawatts away at the meeting in.

Ninety when I go it's
cooling at five Celsius and

in addition we can get fifteen minutes
of water cooling at minus forty Celsius.

That is we can get two hundred for
we want to go out and

we could then read one hundred
forty megawatts of cooling and

then later it would be three megawatt
hours and we've also designed

new systems question a cell that has
been there for one hundred years.

We are trying to come up with Channel.

Technology so that we substitute the two
bundle inside the large heat exchangers

with the channel arrays where C O two and

then inside it and water as a falling
problem flows on the outside.

This is the almost the perfect transfer
situation where we have demonstrated

that about forty minutes of water can be
transferred across the Delta three of

only three Celsius that you know that's so

small and we we've actually built
a scale model of that in our lab and

we're doing experiments on water
even operating films on these

rectangular tube or a conditional bit
aswell to vacuum as possible and this.

And again using our
little relation apparatus

to see how the food was on this and
now we're in the process of.

Documenting the evaporation
there's actually a rapid going on

at the liquid falls it converts
into water vapor and so on the.

So this is filtering of water
evaporation over these innovative

geometries for those high flex fly
high flux heat transfer systems.

Now what if you don't want to go through
all that complicated machinery when I

showed you the purple compressors and
so on.

Earlier you want to do something
very simple and very passive.

Well we've moved that problem
faster on these kinds of cycles.

The waste heat will drive system and

it's couple that cooling system so you're
using waste you need to generate cooling.

But there's a moment absorption system
nothing there's just any director.

And we're starting now
to enable the source and

ejector something that is this small
where this fluid comes into is the.

This fluid stream and
that's what is running the system so

we still do need a poem about now we
are one of my students is looking at

the tale of how the two face flow
phenomena happens in the injectors.

So it's a really bad system for
that one to follow.

The news of the electricity employed
by ninety six percent here.

What if you didn't even want to have a
pump What do you if you were in the better

and and the only had it made me to
examine cow dung and stuff like that.

How do you how do you use that and
that's all you have is your energy source.

Well this is a system that
Dr Shelton was in the audience.

What on for many many years and
we are picking up where he left off and

the beauty of this is
this here not only does.

Your option system but
it is also functioning at the pump

this lift is what is used and
the whole thing operates at one pressure.

So we're doing detail modeling
of this bubble palm so

all you need is to heat it and
it will do with the fluid system.

There is a carrier gas there is
an abhorrent and there is a refrigerant

and that bubble which were
shown in the previous year and

it gets run into this cycle so that you're
getting completely passive cooling.

So we envision it is to be used for
things like portable and

every day there is portable
medicine carrying units and so

on where there's no grid no no
no electrical infrastructure.

We're also looking at the adsorption
systems now in the chemical

engineering department here the A lot
of that adoption work that goes on but

it has to do with carbon capture we're
doing ads options for heating and

cooling where the bad you heat the bad

it generates the refrigerant you get
rid of that heat through the condenser.

And then you reverse the phase and
you get the heat in and

here's where your cooling happens.

So we're modeling this both at
three levels at the system level

at the device level and
at the particle level.

So you go through those
phases first we look at

what working pairs might be good for
different temperature ranges.

So we want to beauties of these kinds of
systems is that they are very adaptable

to different waste heat temperature.

So if you have one set of
temperatures if you have time away

from the church and
you're trying to achieve this.

Then you can match.

How much cooling can be done by a certain
amount of the scale in the bed.

If you have a different kind of a working
fluid pair silica gel and water and

you have a different amount so
we do selection of pairs.

We do system level modeling
it's a bad process.

So the cooling happens intermittently so

we model that again
these are all driven and

then the bad optimization is a big deal
because unlike fluid flow systems you want

to transfer the heat from the coupling
fluid inside the Refuse to the bed.

And so conventional heat that's what you
want to put a lot of surface area and

lot of tubes and so on but
then you're eating the space available for

putting the bed me here and also
parasitic losses increase because that

tube has to be heated and
cooled in every phase of the cycle.

So we do multi dimensional optimization
including the particle and interpret.

Levels and we plot the cooperation of
performance over a wide range of these.

We are helping Professor Choros
in the came into power and

do the thermal management of the carbon
capture system essentially what happens is

that the C O two is sent over the.

Functionalized fibers and then you have
a couple include through this and we're

trying to do the heat management and that
adds fuel to is absorbed and then the next

day that is the dog and so you collect
it there for future Seaquest ration.

So finally I'd like to thank you will be
the last few slides where I've shown you

a variety of technology is
available low grade and

as you all the way down to sixty Celsius
we can use we have done a story and

I have named Alex Ratner and
he laboriously went through the entire

USA a map of the USA and found where
all the coal fired power plants for

and basically impact energy
utilization and mass of the U.S.

and what we have demonstrated with
this is that there is forty eight

years of available waste heat and
forty nine percent of the primary and

primary energy in this now this is
not what electricity generation.

This is the entire energy balance for
all uses.

And we've got it.

If I had the potential to
reduce primary energy demand.

So for everywhere in the U.S. we found
what the source of that it was and

what we could do with
the first map this out found

where the most concentrated
energy wastage places are now.

Sometimes you can when you look at a map
like this you can get the wrong idea of

course and people need states
are the populations are very low so

the energy consumption density
per person becomes high and

there are neighboring states who might be
using the electricity from the state but

they were just looking at the at
the zipcode of the power play.

And in doing this.

So where we found ways to be
found a imagining and use.

So we said OK where thermal high grade
thermal energy this is this amount

is currently being used you scarpered when
you throw away this kind of heat then you

can use that for residential air sea sixty
five percent of all the initial thing

that happens in the U.S. can be satisfied
by that which is thrown away right now.

And so on and so forth.

Each temperature band we found uses for
that and

what we find is that at that
point away all space and

water heating can be can be accounted for
all process

leading leads less than one hundred years
in the country to be accounted for and

sixty five percent of residential air
conditioning can be accounted for.

If we really raise the energy
use patterns in the country.

Another way to look at this
is this is the current.

I.

And we can first party create the power
and this is where the savings are and

now the energy use picture changes.

So quite often you hear.

Well you know if you start using less
energy you start living like those those

those poor countries that
don't have clothes and

don't have air conditioning and so on.

Well that may be true down here this is a
graph of the annual per capita electricity

use versus the Human Development Index
which is the U.N. measure of of quality of

life shall we say if you put it in
the US there is a steep dependence here.

But beyond that it flattens out if
you look at the the Spanish people or

the Italians they're going to
be doing something like this and

the U.S. and Canada are consuming
energy where we're here for

all times and
some of this is because of the geography.

And the weather patterns and so on.

But there's considerable scope for
reducing the energy intensity but

still maintaining the same quality of life
and not suffering much by decreasing it.

And so our challenge as engineers is
to come up with invasion of that will

drive it down this way so
that the US is consuming less energy and

still maintaining the quality of life and

breakthroughs technological innovations
implementation of existing and

underutilized technology all of it
can help us in that direction so

that energy prosperity environment dilemma
can be solved if you look at it this way.

So I applied to show you today
that energy and climate change and

this actually present opportunities for
us and increase their energy costs

in fact favor capital in
Europe because Europe and

so on are getting better for technology
you can you can affect lifestyles but

not the quality of life by going to
these better types of systems and

hopefully you saw that it wasn't
just green washing and so on but

I was showing you some
practical solutions to this

most of the energy available
in the thermal form and

we have to do dishes leak up Levy towards
this along that temperature spectrum

in my mind because I'm a transfer engineer
the ideal world for me is a perfectly

glide matched set of contraflow he
changes that's about the best you can do.

And of course the very certain he
mass transfer of the micro scale says

he's driving our work and

our message is don't deploy that
new jewel unless you've absolutely.

Used up that already deployed
jewel as much as possible and

one way to look at that is this.

Which way would you like to consume
energy in this way or this way.

What would be sustainable energy
advocate and for industry.

This is a viable mechanism because
you get multiple uses from

one combustor to fuel and then industry
gets so many different products and

processes to sell and then I want
a business opportunity is there too.

So these are the students my
current group of students

that are helping me do this research.

I thank you for
coming out on a rainy day like this and

that I can build my presentation here.