Some of your visitors and

probably don't even know that we
have a College of Liberal Arts.

If you look at it but we do but

it's not your father's or even your
son's something this is liberal arts

because we put science and technology
right at the center front and center in

everything we do is for the different kind
of liberal arts and it's appropriate that

this symposium on technology in
the civil war take place here.

One of the panel we're about to
see on war and that a second

take place here war and
health have a an interesting relationship.

It's negative almost always
as in the war of medicine

as a very positive relationship
quite frequently and

I have enough patients particularly
surgery to cluster at Friends of war and

so we're going to hear about a couple of
lives cases of that in the U.S. Civil War

in medicine better really
that isn't also good medicine

with the soldiers Yes You know we have
a speaker with us here our first speaker

is Sean out of foreign She comes
to us from the Western Ontario

from this very happy to be with us on
this beautiful spring day I know you and

she will be speaking to
us on the photograph

in medicine and
I will just let her take it away.

Thank you very much.

And I'd just like to take a moment
to thank god man and Laura.

John Miller and John tone for inviting me
to participate in this wonderful event and

I'm thoroughly enjoying it and
thrilled to be a part of that.

So to begin April eight hundred
sixty four hundred fifty

years ago the American Civil War moved
into its fourth year there was action on.

All friends Grant had refused
any more prisoner exchanges and

the casualties from both disease and
wound trauma continue to mount.

However with this unprecedented death and
destruction also provided new

types of opportunities for the medical
profession including unprecedented

access to bodies the development of new
hospitals to manage the war casualties and

technical and financial support for
scientific research

as a result the Civil War was
an important educational intervention for

American physicians not simply
as a school for experience but

also as a conduit for infusing new
tools for exploring explaining and

managing disease into the larger
fabric of American medicine

just after the war volunteer nurse
Walt Whitman noted that quote

the real story of the war will never
get in the books the death wounds and

diseases were too vivid he believed but
with the development of new technologies

and the concomitant photographic
record of the American Civil War.

The devastation caused by the war
arguably did get in the books and

medical photos revealingly
document the most horrendous.

But also important medical aspects of the
war making them an invaluable resource for

understanding civil war medicine

the union medical department was ill
prepared when the Confederate batteries

fired on Fort Sumpter April twelfth one
thousand nine hundred sixty one and

medical care at the beginning of
the war was completely inadequate.

Diseases such as diarrhea dysentery
measles typhoid fever and

pneumonia abounded and many new recruits
died of disease before they ever reached

the battlefield the medical department
underwent a vigorous reorganization and

in one thousand eight hundred
sixty two the visionary and

scientifically minded William hammer.

And was appointed surgeon general of
the Army Medical Department all doctors

were placed under William Hammond surgeon
surgeon general of the Union Army and

all doctors were placed
under his authority and

this cave him command of a huge corps of
surgeons in which he could build large

scale collective research projects and he
did this by issuing circular letters and

specific instructions to physicians
in which everything from hospital

construction to the study of specific
diseases was to be reported on in the form

of essays in case reports the first and
perhaps most significant order was

circular number two which was issued May
twenty first eight hundred sixty two and

this circular provided for the
establishment of the Army Medical Museum

and new physical and social location
supported by the government

in which new disciplines and
ideas about disease were developed

the circular asked that physicians collect
and preserve specimens and perform

autopsies in all cases where practicable
as a matter of professional interest.

This allowed physicians to produce new
classifications of diseases based on

precise symptoms and anatomical changes
but it was also important because disease

was now seen to be contained within the
lesions inst within specific tissues and

organs and not to be a property of the
entire body which was indeed a revolution

for many Civil War physicians along
with circular number two circular number

five was issued which provided for
the publication of the medical and

surgical history of
the War of the rebellion

medical officers were asked to
forward quote sanitary medical and

surgical reports details of
cases essays photographs and

investigations as may be of value for this
work and this case history was important.

It was meant to stand.

Di's the experience of the observer and
reinforced the diagnosis of the expert.

There was now a specific medical model
physicians were required to diagnose

treat monitor and perform an autopsy
culminating in the relationship

with the body with
the delivery of a case report.

And a specimen or
photograph to the museum but

to what extent did the American
physician become to medical science and

by what specific methods and

did this project of wartime medicine have
an impact on medicines larger development.

Prior to the Civil War The patient
was generally treated at home not in

a hospital and the relationship
between the American physician and

the dead body was a contested one
medical schools were run like businesses

they had large classes LAX admission and
graduation standards.

Some students may have studied with
an apprentice which varied enormously

depending on the preceptor students
with means may have supplemented

their education through private or
extramural schools and finally there was

the quote Aaron to Paris to which just
under eight hundred of America's elite

physicians travelled to work with the
leaders of French science and medicine.

It was at that time then little
cohesion in American medicine.

What medical practice during the war dead.

Was it had the important
effect of bringing together

the best trained American physicians those
that had been to Europe those that taught

in medical schools those that edited
journals those that led medical societies

also brought them together with the less
experienced American physicians which

created a nice medical
hierarchy through the war but

also a new community of knowledge for

American physicians one way to measure it.

The sheer impact of circular Number two is
through the examination of the voluminous

materials that were submitted
to the Army Medical Museum.

You might wonder did surgeons
respond to this circular

within the larger structures of Dr and
during the war.

This is just one index of the six medical
and surgical history that I showed

you earlier in the in the communal
contributor in the back is the name of

the physician and beside them is the
corresponding page number to which there

specimens are photographs are displayed
within this larger volume

now of the twelve thousand positions
serving on the union side numerous

position in fact contributed photographs
and specimen to the Army Medical Museum

this particular volume one
of the volumes of Senate

has just under three
thousand contributors and

the curator Georgiou to us commented
on the huge submission the extent of

these uncertain Tiriel to simply enormous
the returns are a huge proportion

of the army that have been engaged in
active operation for the last four years.

The great body of medical officers
have made the reports required of them

with commendable diligence and promptitude
and there is Elan the more deserving of

play into the new growth the nature of
their field is considered the result has

been the accumulation of a mass the facts
in operations in military surgery

unprecedented magnitude and
it was not long before this new

scientific ethos in among American
physicians led to scientific advance.

As physician studied various often
unfamiliar even ghastly diseases in their

hospital wards and prodded patients
trying to properly diagnose them medical

ideas and investigative methodology
started to become more sophisticated and

demanded new responses for
their management

which were now institutionalized
within the new Army Medical Museum.

The surgeon general assigned the medical
portion of the museum to Joseph Woodward

of The Army of the Potomac and
the surgical section to John H.

Brenton of the volunteers on duty
with the Army of the Mississippi

medical specimens of disease Illustrated
morbid processes of every kind.

Along with microscopic all preparations
healthy specimens taken after autopsy for

comparative purposes and specimens
illustrated of surgical injuries and

infection were requested specimens were to
be diluted in alcohol or salt and water

and packed into K. and turned over to
the depot quartermaster for transportation

to Washington under the provisions of
General Order Number twenty seven.

A representative of Adams Express Company
was then contacted to deliver

the specimens to the museum where
they would be prepared recorded and

studied in the working laboratory
when the corresponding case history

arrived a few days later.

And a typical case report might look like
that he might be working in the museum and

specimens might arrive in if I have
the honor to forward nine pathological

specimen I dilated heart and ileum and
large intestine ileum and colon.

So this is sort of what the this
is a morbid project but

this is sort of what it looked like and
the directive to collect and

dissect bodies and specimens now
supported a sort of research society.

Among the physicians who
doctored in the war.

And physicians eagerly taught and
learned from each other through the war

and research during the war differed from
the traditional research societies in

antebellum America which were
generally very small but

contrast wartime research projects
often took the form of a large but

structured collective
investigations of material and

knowledge and access to these
bodies was practically beneficial.

Because there were so
many cases to compare and

contrast it was here that physician
saw that altered structures or

the correlations of symptoms with the
living with lesions observed post-mortem

actually provided limited
insight into disease processes.

So some physicians were no longer
merely content to examine the body

with the naked eye and by eight hundred
sixty three this surgeon general

provided microscopes for some of
the general hospital then physicians and

the microscope from each hundred sixty
three onwards was increasingly utilized to

understand manage and investigate
the minute units of disease processes and

tissue changes the application
of the microscope was important

since it changed the way
physicians thought of the disease.

This was no longer merely
symptom based medicine.

It was now about studying disease
processes representing a shift or

at least overlap towards physiology and
pathophysiology in investigating

disease but the most important and
pronounced effect of the mandate

to collect these specimens was that they
were encouraged to see beyond the patient

with a view to the knowledge that could be
derived from the body which changed basic

assumptions about how to study and
teach medicine and disease

the civil war as we heard earlier was
the first thoroughly documented war

using the developing medium
of photography Gary O.

type an image made on silver plated
copper had been introduced in

eighteen thirty nine the technique
required a long exposure time and

was HUGE use largely to produce portraits
in studios in the late eighteenth fifty's

the wet place plate process was introduced
which reduced the exposure time and

allowed multiple prints to be
made from a single negative.

These were individually sensitize
with collodion dried in the dark and

then exposed and develop Fatah.

Graffiti still involved cumbersome and
expensive equipment.

But nevertheless it was widely
employed during the war

photographer is needed natural lighting
and photographs were generally made

in the brightest hours of the day and
any motion could cause a blur.

It was thus difficult to capture
the action of battle but

post portraits in this case in
a hospital setting were quite manageable

the wartime photographs were taken to
preserve the medical record to document

to determine the amount of post-war
pension payments but most importantly to

document the complexities revealed
by disease and disease processes and

to teach physicians how to understand
diagnose and picture disease

picturing disease was not new and had been
employed for centuries through drawings.

However medical photography was a new
tool its proponents argued an objective

tool compiling this history was
a powerful medical intervention for

physicians they formed a professional
identity and demonstrated a commitment and

devotion to mastering the familiar and
unfamiliar but

they these photographs also laid a
foundation for further scientific inquiry

the photographs taken together
represent changing idea of sickness and

how what manifestation was most important
to document when trying to understand

gangrene or erysipelas or
dysentery the clinical symptoms compared

with lesions or rather the blood packs and
mouth CULE or cells

the bland drawing it was argued could
not compete with the photograph.

Most of the patients were photographed
in the general hospitals including

Harewood Lincoln IRA Fredericksburg
Murphysboro and Annapolis each

of these hospitals along with individual
contributors donated photos to the arm.

Medical Museum.

These were subsequently labeled
contributed photographs and

were numbered beginning in eight hundred
sixty three the photographs were

divided into four sections representing
the different departments in the museum

there were photo micrographs produce
from the museums microscopical series

medical series photographs surgical
series photographs and anatomical series

photographs in one thousand nine hundred
sixty four the museum the museums curator

George Otis wrote Professor flowers
curator of the Museum of the College of

Surgeons in London in reference to an
exchange between the two repositories and

he assumed a new professional authority
grounded in his wartime acquisition of

anatomical specimens and photographs quote
At present our collection includes thirty

five hundred specimens in the surgical
series five hundred in the medical series

one hundred fifty plaster cast and models
one hundred drawings and paintings and

eleven hundred microscopical preparations
duplicates of many of these specimens

have been prepared and we are now engaged
in photographing the choices that

the photographs shaped the public
image of the Civil War physician.

One is one that was scientific one
who understood the structure and

mechanism of disease who
possessed a knowledge and

mastery of disease that was far beyond
the realm of the lay person medical

photography physicians argued
was a powerful way to know and

see the body more time photographs
provide visual documentation

of every imaginable wound inflicted by the
many ball which easily shattered bones and

caused horrific wounds.

We also see the manifestations of camp and

hospital diseases the appearance
of the disease or

wound is always the principal focus of the
picture in some ways anonymizing the subj.

Act.

Each is accompanied by a case
history which detailed where

the patient was wounded in
the course of treatment.

The results of the case and the doctor's
name and what is most fascinating

to me when I went into the Army medical
museum to look at these photographs

was the just sheer depth and range of
the collection all types of diseases and

wounds and manifestations of
specific diseases are represented

and within these photographs and
photo micrograph

we started to see that the patient
rather the subject is not a freak or

medical curiosity but these photographs
show are representative of the changing

medical perceptions that we see
occurring in developing through the war.

The emphasis is on experimental and
clinical pathology and

now to me in physiology.

These are not portraits nothing is staged
to dress up the wound the object of

the disease the wartime medical
photographs were used as

teaching aids in medical schools
they were used as a resource for

medical research and they were widely
displayed at the Medical Museum

international expositions and
medical Congresses and

prior to the educational reforms
of the early twentieth century.

This was an exceptionally valuable
resource for the development and

dissemination of medical
knowledge in American education

in eight hundred sixty five a small
catalogue of the Army Medical Museum

photographic series was published with one
hundred nine photographs these photos.

We're also bound into volumes of fifty
to make an eight volume set intitled

photographs of surgical cases of specimens
and these were distributed to medical

societies schools and also individual
physicians by eight hundred sixty

nine the Army Medical Museum had just
under a thousand pathological clinical and

photo micro graphic photos which were used
to make engravings for the medical and

surgical history of the War of
the rebellion in eighteen seventy six

the US celebrated its centennial with
a huge exposition in Philadelphia and

numerous civil war medical photographs
were displayed in a volume and titled

photographs of cases of consolidated
gunshot fractures of the femur.

And these photographs
the Civil War medical photographs

brought the wartime medical work
to the attention of the public but

along with new medical and
scientific audiences.

Interestingly these photographs were
linked to new achievements new mastery of

Medicine in surgery or reconstruction
the development of prosthetic limbs and

artificial limb technology and within
these photos we see a conscious goal.

Among the medical doctors engaged in this
project to demonstrate their new mastery

of specialized knowledge and I think one
of the most interesting new areas that

developed through the Civil War was
in the area of reconstructive surgery

largely pioneered by Dr Gordon Bach and
Howard Culbertson Bucca

quote contributed to the museum a number
of casts photographs and drawings

illustrating the remarkable operations for
the repair of deformities from Shot

injuries to the face now at first as we
can see this is from Buck's case in case.

Bach he only submitted his
case his his drawings This was

before the technology of
photography had been perfected.

So we see lots of these
physicians submitting with their.

Case notes drawings and
this is quite common.

Prior to the war to illustrate the
importance of specific surgeries through

drawings to accompanying their case notes.

We also see these photographs
being reproduced in wax.

Now these surgeries the interesting case
were of great interest to Hammond and

he ensured that box patients were
photographed in here captured in wax or

photographed and box work was prominently
displayed in the Army Medical Museum.

There's also a nice longer Toodle study
that develops in the postwar period many

so many patients returned to Bach to
have further operations performed.

And individual physicians relished having
their work displayed at the museum

the most important and extensive record
of medical photographs comes from surgeon

Reid Brockway bond to Q Who produced his
own medical photographs mostly while in

charge of care with General Hospital
a three thousand bed a still a T.

in Washington D.C. where he was posted
from October eighteenth sixty three to May

eighteenth sixty six his vote
photographs were duplicated and

distributed as a teaching resource and
the value of his collection is in

the wider array of wartime diseases and
injuries.

You can see the red arrows.

This is part of the teaching group
of teaching photographs that were

distributed in the post war period and

many photographs show the progression of
specific treatments and the various stages

of disease to use these photographs to
teach American physicians how to treat and

care for diseases and wounds he
photographed interesting case this but

also actual operative details and he was
one of the first to publish these types of

medical pictures the wartime photos placed
in new value on the visual rundown.

Presentation of pathology and
as a result through the war.

Researchers developed new tools
to see deeper into the body

during Joseph Woodward's tenure at the
museum for example he was able to develop

investigative tools but the study of
disease which consisted of analyzing and

comparing D's disease processes
through photo my congress looked

particularly its uses for
obtaining accurate representations

of pathological histology So as ideas
about disease fall through the war.

Woodward used photo micrographs
to explain and illustrate

the manifestations of the various camp
diseases in particular diarrhea and

dysentery hoping to better understand
disease and better understand causation

through experimentation Woodward
popularized the use of synthetic red and

yellow and aligned dyes using the colors
to make certain parts of the tissues more

visible he inspected the stained
specimens under the microscope.

He photographed microscopic material and
displayed and published his work for

other researchers and his case notes
reveal a few important points.

First he thought about disease differently
as a result of his investigations.

Perhaps the answers to cause ation lay in
the tissues cell bodily fluid organs which

could then be studied in a laboratory
in the absence of a living patient.

Perhaps a disease had its own
identity separate from the patient

second set of micro
graphy was complicated.

It was difficult work to handle
prepare state and photograph tissues.

They were delicate and
thus the process required an expert.

Moreover alcohol and other preservative
methods could damage the specimen and

thus render it useless placing a primacy
on the expert physician objectivity

in these discussions were important to
Woodward and he commented in his case or.

Ports equally and often on both his
preparations and his methods for

preparing and photographing the body and
he invited scrutiny.

After all the work at the museum was
prominently displayed not hidden and

his notes reveal a rich
record of experiences but

also the process by which experimental
method was developed in the museum.

Most importantly he published
his work widely and

invited other researchers to
undertake experiments prior to that

like many of his contemporaries he
submitted drawings to the museum.

But these were often criticised

These were often criticized as
being never true to nature.

He also used lithographs to illustrate his
work which were a valuable resource but

again were largely subjective.

It was argued by some physicians of
the era that medical photography

helped free the investigator
from subjective influences

drawing would not be abandoned until
photography improved and tissue and

minute tissue changes
could be represented.

But proponents of medical photography
argued that photographs were a more useful

mode of representation it presented
the medical findings in front of

an audience encouraging maybe
even demanding objectivity of

representation in one thousand nine
hundred two German scientists and

one of the architects of
the germ theory Robert Koch

proved that tuberculosis was
caused by a rod shaped organism.

He named the to burgle to sell us and

photo my CAGR a few was
crucial to coax work.

He argued quote under circum
circumstances the photographic picture of

the microscopical object is more
valuable than the original preparation

the photograph could fix an image
reproduce it in exactly the same focus

magnification and

illumination desired several
observers could evaluate the picture

at the same time each precisely
concentrating on the object in question.

And importantly Civil War physician and
future

Surgeon General George Miller Sternberg
worked at the Army Medical Museum and

like woodwork constantly worked to develop
photo micro graphic tools he produced for

the very first time in America photo
micrographs of the Burkle bacillus and

while Koch referred later referred to
Sternberg as quote the father of American

bacteriology it is important to
emphasize that Sternberg was building

on this technological foundation which was
first established during the civil war.

So could civil war photographs be
trusted as an educational resource.

Were they objected objective
were they posed or manipulated.

What is clear if you my research is the
diligent attempt of the war physicians to

understand and learn from the body and
disease to document the war wounds and

develop American medicine Georgiades
discuss the choices photographs or

rather the interesting cases which were
taught studied debated and analyzed.

I think today we are some way
disturbed by the youth of the men

the severity of the wounds and the ravages
of disease and their anxiety sadness and

sadness and humility as they posed and
as they were posed.

But physicians made powerful
statements through these photographs

that resonated with Americans they were
iconic symbols of a battle worn and

thoroughly tested America.

They were part of Americans
national identity.

Museum was open in eight hundred sixty
four and the public clamored for

an opportunity to see the civil war
photographs curator George oldest remark

shortly after the war that quote
This interest to the museum are so

numerous that I am compelled to
extend the hours of opening Clinton.

Similarly notice that quote
the public came to see the bones and

photographs attracted by
a new sensation and Museum

resonated powerfully with the public but
there was a more important message.

It was an institution in which physicians
could see Judge dispute share and

most importantly develop
medical knowledge it is

not my intention to necessarily to assert
that all wars are good for medicine.

But rather that the Civil War years
provided opportunity at a time when

medical organisation scientific
training technologies and

civil war and bodies were lacking and this
allowed physicians to become conversion

in unanticipated ways in
pathological anatomy.

They were given the chance to have an
unprecedented focus on disease the support

of new technologies and as a result
a growing objectivity in medical study but

then elite American physicians had long
wanted to develop scientific medicine and

I would argue that the wartime culture
supported this intellectual Curren on

the ninth of April generally surrendered
the Army of Northern Virginia and

the war was practically out in and

the news was telegraphed from Washington
about ten o'clock in the evening and

our city was notified by the screeching
of the whistles of the fire engines and

by clamor and noise of every
imaginable character the war was over

the great experiment had been made
it had been definitely proven that

the United States was a nation and so
too was the American medical profession on

a new course the evaluation of the Civil
War case histories the medical and

surgical specimens publications and
the civil war photographs

all revealed that the experience of
the war provided an important stimulus for

both the reception and development of
new scientific standards in America.

THANK YOU THANK YOU my friend from

the floor of the sun for
you are the invited.

I realized I neglected to say
that all is just came out and

it's full of some photographs
in the winter when I was.

And I'm going to looks really good at that

I do think the Civil War
is a term of water.

We just want to see we're still
our next speaker Pelosi and

I'm all for that in this.

She's a doctor a veterinarian
medicine the practicing veterinarian.

She's from Atlanta that she's used
to this spectacular weather and she

also has a degree who lives in the desert
along with us from I found out about his

house near them a little
right of reply one of you

thank you to everyone here at
Georgia Tech who has made this event

happen this is so exciting and and

I don't quite know why they want
me here because that's my world.

OK this is not my world I am not a
professional historian I do not even play

one on T.V. and
my laser pointer is a cat toy.

OK I just hope you don't throw yourselves
at the screen the way my cat my got

maniacally throws herself at this toy but

that's what veterinarian
medicine looks like now.

I was not what veterinarian medicine
looked like one hundred fifty years ago

and I'm going through
an extreme case of forensic and

the doctor giving over the experiences
of the human Where are you

there you are over the wonderful
changes that happened in human

medicine during the War of the rebellion
my profession had a hard go of it

which means our patients have
a hard go of it because one hundred

fifty years ago it wasn't even clear who
could call themselves a veterinarian.

Certainly there were a lot of barriers
everybody know what if they are your room.

But right the person who puts
the shoes on the horse and

then the blacksmith is the person
who makes the horses but

plenty of these guys who are they
are both farriers and Smiths and

plenty of them are calling
themselves horse not theirs.

They have no training.

None at all.

One hundred fifty years ago I see how many
photographers were there in this country

about a thousand how many physicians
did the North have during the war

that fourteen thousand or fourteen
thousand one thousand there were less

than fifty degree that
veterinarians in this country every

single one of them trained abroad most
of them tried most of them born abroad.

There were by contrast seven and
a half million who are says and mules.

OK would use would you have said that

the troops the American troops allied
troops into Europe without mechanics

to service their jeeps no
are physicians to service them.

No but that's what the American horse and
mule was called upon to do

Not to John busted who was a British
physician who came here before the war had

a war of words going with Edwin Stanton
that the United States Army is the only

one in the civilized world that those
not educated better and they are you.

General George Stoneman
recognize the problem.

Very quickly that one great one.

Well the fish and see a better
nary talent in the country and

the impossibility of obtaining what
little there it is for the compensation

now while by the government in other words
the government was not offering to pay

these men and they were men enough money
to lure them away from private practice

at the beginning of the war a farrier
made fifteen dollars a month better.

Seventeen.

So they could not lower
them away right now

there were a great number of cavalry
reorganizations in the north.

Also some in the south by eight hundred
sixty three the cavalry of your own

Act was created which did
grant to veterinarians

the right of Sergeant Major Maybe I
should dance over here so

you know that side the the rank
of sergeant major So they do it.

These are all great the rank and
file but most of the officers out right.

In other words not going to be easy for
them to enforce their instructions.

They're now going to make seventy five
dollars a month now that's a whole

lot better than seventeen that in some
ways it's going to backfire if you

are an officer in charge of a unit that
has horses and you have a lonely seventy

five dollars to spend this money on
the professionals to come in and care for

your horses which are you going
to do hire five years for

fifteen dollars a month right
to a seventy five dollars.

Are you going to hire one veterinarian.

But yeah I must be going to hire five
carriers and I can't live on the right.

So this is ironically one of
that fire on the horse that is

now some young man didn't answer the call
and this young man my colleague George F.

Perry was the first American educated
veterinarian in the state of Pennsylvania

and those of you who know your
know where every bill of it all.

I don't know where everybody fell
I just here where he will die.

He was a member of the seven
Pennsylvania county army the Ohio

where does that mean eventually
found himself in Georgia.

Exactly.

I can't prove it but
I fully believe that that

Georgia theory was the first
veterinarian in the city of Atlanta.

I do.

He joined in eight hundred sixty
three after the caballero out.

It's very tempting to say that he joined
me because there was now higher right and

better pay but he doesn't tell us
that in his diary he doesn't explain

why he joined when he joined we're very
fortunate to have his diary it all and

I'm grateful to the Historical Society
Pennsylvania for giving me access to it.

They only acquired it in twenty twelve and

I was on the Internet with them
like December first twenty two.

Well I was trying to
talk to them about it and

it is the already extant veterinarian's
diary from that year old

let's take a piece in
Dr Perry's inductor Pyrenees.

Or Die or here from eight hundred
sixty three July twenty ninth.

I called on.

Captain Ricketts there and
ordered her shot and

not what not what you wanted to hear
is it not would not have been rated or

is horse want to be here either right
where some of the reason that that might

happen that he might have ordered
her shot disease broken leg injury.

Exactly and
that he couldn't do anything for her.

That's always the context as always
the rest of the sentence right.

August twenty fourth in camp
till four o'clock reading.

I guarantee you it was a student no bugs
disease a brand new graduate every time

a case comes in is something there is no
what I do and prescribing for horses.

So this is sounding more like what we
expect the veterinarian to be doing

September first scouted
the country in search of mules and

horses around you saw a reminder that
there is a constant need both north and

south to replenish the supply of
horses by using the lot and even more.

Why would you send a veterinarian
out on the scouting party

really really really is.

Actually no sense of bring in somebody
that you can't remember your work or

you write the book the job of Dr Perry's

diary his wife all civil war
diaries September fifth shaved and

washed my shirt very dull he
frequently makes the comment that

once a week washed my shirt I think
George clearly just had one shirt with

well let's think about my colleague's
patients here basic equine help needs.

Remember that disease began
when you failed to provide for

the basic needs of the patient and
so horses needed for

things forage and
water horseshoes not their women

not on the planet isn't the great world
still living in the Rocky Mountains but

if they are travelling it excessively high
speeds for long periods of time pushing or

pulling hard heavy loads putting
extreme forces on their hooves.

They must have horses they
need to be groomed and

they need to rest now
horses daily food needs

the Federal Army allocated fourteen
pounds of pay per day per person or

mule twelve pounds of grain for
a horse and nine pounds of grain for

a mule every single day and
this is George attacked by or

now you can figure out that that's going
to add up pretty quickly to a lot of food.

This is Sherman's when I
train here in Atlanta we

know roughly you have hundred thousand
then when it came into the state.

Sixteen thousand in artillery
horses to over twelve thousand

over two thousand wagons
six hundred seventy

three tons of Fords are parables for
just two days.

That's going to translate to five hundred
twenty five wagons worth of forage to

carry the load for the animals for
just one day a month governing big sky.

Right when he said it was
an every animal we take in

simply another case of
starvation waiting to happen.

What's happened in a George as he
experienced in June first eight hundred

sixty four and on and said to my good
friend Charlie Crawford for helping me to

understand these passages right here from
from George horses starving to death.

My hundreds July twenty six
all unusable horses and

pack stocks in that to marry
I don't know me or our horses

August first wagon train came up and
brought rations for a minute and horses.

I think we all think about destitution
in the Confederate running.

We've all probably heard the accounts
of travelers pulling bar

even travel on Boulevard all
the tree was so hungry but

this is a general army and
this is not a common.

Now this this typically happen when
Sherman struck away from the rail line

as I said you get ten feet away from the
rail line you've got to have horses and

mules to pull those wagons.

Ironically your first
thought about technology.

People say that the advent
of the iron horse

is going to make you need less horses or
nails.

It's the exact other way around.

You can suddenly armies across your
existences where you got it here

are you going to put wives and they got
here wagons and they've got to be your

horses and mules of all those wagons
you're actually going to expeditiously and

raise their manhood forces and mules and
they are going to do themselves

the profoundly to pin this on those rail
lines for their food and their supplies

second thing they remember horseshoes and
this is a picture just to show you

how how badly worn there is no
hope left on this poor creature.

What can happen if they
are called upon to.

Do extensive work with out shoes on.

Again this technology and do the math.

This is Grant crossing the rabbit with
twenty four thousand one of course

that's not including his gallery.

Not including his artillery horses
twenty four thousand feet horses.

That's four times that many feet.

Every one of those feet has do you Reshad
roughly eight to ten times per year

under normal conditions now or in the war
time isn't hard news probably Reshad even

more frequently than that so that means
you're going to need a lot of horses.

Now the North has a profound technological
advantage because an eight hundred thirty

five Henry Byrd and upstate New York
is going to patent the first successful

machine that can mass produce horseshoes
there is nothing like that in the south.

That's why writers like
John Singleton knows they

are going to have standing
orders gentlemen.

If you don't count on either of the two
things you are to prove joining them

immediately.

One was cast and
the other was the more shooters.

You got it.

And this is YOUR who are mature here.

This is a kind of a kind of
conic photograph of a northern

unit of terriers known as a couple of
things you can see in the that and

will there that classic
tool of the farrier.

You can see here in the mobile
blacks misfortune and

you can also see this man doing
what their ears always do when

they were on the rear end of a horse
taking his life in his hands and

you can see that a number
of these are colored troops

taking care of these animals that is
typical both in the north and the south.

Most of the barriers in
the south are in fact slaves but

I hear and see that at least one of these
men here put himself out as of course not.

Now.

Times are changing less.

Go back to George's diary your person is
of eight hundred sixty three clear and

knives and
all the Smiths that were shoeing horses.

What's the the command.

You know what the authority structure of
those murders was and judge the doctor and

he has a complement of assistants
working for him just like I do you

in the gov hospital the doctors in charge
and has assistance that they dispatch.

That's right because what does
it do it brings out George

here December twenty seventh
very busy all the inspection of

courses he's doing what the doctor
needs to be doing this is going.

Sam and
designing the disposition of the animal

the stomach like veterinary
medicine does now.

Now the other thing was that right.

They knew they needed orange and
water they needed more serious.

What was the third thing
they were making exactly.

Let me and
when they don't get it they get sore back.

You see this this poor animal YOUR
has these two sources your arm is

on her back caused by poor eating or
poor placement of the saddle or blanket or

flatly never taking the lot.

And remember that each trooper is
responsible for the care of his own animal

Consequently the quality of care for the
animals is borne to the very tremendously.

However pretty quickly.

These guys are going to figure out if I
don't take your my horse my horse gets

these and if I have a responsible officer.

He's going to tell me that I
have to take that settle and

lot until my horse is better and

there is one thing they have a retrievers
do not want to me and that is infantry.

So they would learn really quick.

I got to take good care of my my ride and
there was a technological advantage in

the Muslim saddle remember that McClellan
traveled in Europe before the war.

Visited we would call it the military
industrial complex the with

that included there are many hospitals and
better their schools those were part

of your ex military structure and
he loved it.

Sal So what was right with him and
what was wrong with him and

he designed the McClelland saddle and
continues to be used to this day for

ceremonial purposes it is not widely used.

I'm not above while in families anybody
here more than I've never heard of them.

Now I don't know but
I have to say what up.

In my estimation.

When I when I learned
about this this I was not

used much now because it's made up of
the comfort of the horse not the rider.

Thank you gentlemen flown.

But if you don't take it off.

It don't matter how good
his talent is right.

I generally in General Mills for Mr Right.

Was in charge of supplying horses to the
army they had an ongoing war of words yet

me more horses take better care
of the ones you got in this

up this heartbroken heartbreaking
report from a number of the first

Pennsylvania cavalry horses that
were actually putrid from where

St settles which have not been
permitted to be removed for weeks.

Imagine if you had to wear the same
verse socks and shoes for weeks they

fell down in the ranks from exhaustion
ration and were abandoned by the wayside.

So there's our last thing they need
is rest and that's one thing more.

Worse it is not yet every time you read
about somebody making this miraculous ride

who did it not those cavalry men
that ride the horses with it and

playing those horses were
killed by these are now

known as here from from Georgia staggering
condemned mules and sent to Nashville.

If you if your animals are spam and
you don't want to.

Leave him by the wayside.

When you do it.

Well he sends in the Nashville Why
Nashville is not has been great country

music and the federal government the army
established a series of more of that

horse depots or remount stations easier
ones at Nashville the largest one

was a guys group point just outside D.C.
on what is now Bolling Air Force Base.

This was a massive facility
that capability for

housing thirty thousand
lives that they let out

a very you're shot there probably put on
a million more shoes by the end of the war

the deficit guys girls
are also impressive numbers

and show how this federal remail system.

Unfortunately created a perfect storm or

disease and if you got less than you
got seventy five percent capacity

of guys were say you got about twenty
to twenty three thousand horses and

a hundred animals died or
more at that but it's not that bad but

look what happens over the next
three months the death rate

quintuple by the end of the war seventeen
thousand more persons have died and

that more than the syllabi which
is a think twenty cavalry rebel

with the army of a dog a robot animals and
this was the culprit

Brander's which the Dutch call not.

That's how the word comes
into our lives is a can.

It is a disease that is
characterized by this tenacious

past bloody Felix Dicky discharge from

the nose of the infected
animal of the Dr Winter

is a could hardly discharge When's
the last time you used that word.

Classic features of this disease it's
caused by organisms that at least for

the last ten years has been called for
cold death row cold dairy Diabaly I

when I was in in school it was
a pastoral as it had been for

about one hundred years and
has a twenty one day a new nation.

Let's think about that first
second if you buy your fellow

officer by person this for
the Army up in Ohio.

You put them on the railroad shipment
to Nashville that takes maybe three or

four days total and you go to Nashville.

There are very quickly processed and
put on trains to go to Chattanooga

that maybe another three or four days
tops and then they're put on a train

from Chattanooga and they're shipped down
to where virtually their spirit in those

seven Pennsylvania gathered
in this whole time to last.

Then you know we could
have two weeks tops.

What could have happened.

You could have picked up an animal in Ohio
that has glanders is showing no signs.

It's not showing any signs that the
Nashville did well once he got to Chad and

then he's not going to show any signs
until he gets down to my good friend and

colleague George Perry here in Georgia.

Meanwhile that horse has infected
absolutely every horse in these kind of

contact with those appear to know that
human side of this is sounding to you why.

What happens to all of you would get
better treatment also northern troops.

You know about to get it back to this
cancer they swap measles and mumps and

everything else and that's where
the horses are going to be the acute

causes fever and yet
within a very days of the first signs

they often get skin lesions here on
the medial surface of the hot to use

the fancy terms in other words here on
the middle surface of the hind leg.

If all is localized as in
the ones the victims essentially

suffocated to get to death and
even today they are.

There is no vaccine there's
essentially no effective treat for

this disease and one of the risk factors.

I took the most straight out
of the large the current

large animal text book that is
used at the University of Georgia.

College of Veterinary Medicine Go Dogs
will just be running go and do it all so

badly that I've been kept in
a poor environment overworked and

stressed due to travel or
crowded good I just described

everything that lives in this
war all of George's mission.

Now the prevailing theory of disease
at the beginning of the war.

You've asked the common man.

If you'd asked all those orthodox
even if you'd asked some physicians.

If you had asked that some sort of those

degree veterinarians
How does disease occur.

Well we've known since the time of
the ancients that is fine and yet

that I was the poor humors of the body
the forwards of the body Who Are The Lamb.

Yeah and black bottle and

when those humorous get out of
the our heads you get sick right.

Say I have a disease and

they have too much when I do what
do you do you believe you know yet.

This is a national civil
war leading to all.

I don't know whether it's human or bad.

You know it was we just look for
blood would rise.

You know it was like yes it was but
a lot of those supplies that are so

that are provided by the born
American general's office for

the treatment of horses are born in the
things that are based on these principles.

So primitive directs and

stars markets things that make you purge
fluids out of you causes dehydration.

Maybe not the best thing
to do to a stressed animal.

But there are some people walking
around who are starting to.

You know that that's not
how disease happens.

And there are children you know the
physicians doctors being human physicians

who are at the confederate
Infirmary in the list for

continued doctors John Terrell and John
Cage That's John Terrell we don't know

what John Cage looked like David get
on get on them find a picture for

me and they underwent

and published a study that
was truly a landmark study

they followed the disease of
glanders in nineteen horses

they followed it from start to
finish actually in seven and

they were able to take his These Not
samples from one horse and

put them into the nose of another
horse and create the classic signs and

then on post-mortem exam the class of
lesions they were is a is a medicine

these two guys did not get the disease
themselves humans can get glanders and

that the last case of landers in this
country was in any human being who worked

for the U.S. Army your research on where
your personal protective equipment

would not be but they successfully
refuted humoral theory disease.

This is a huge study not just for
Civil War history not just for

horses not just for
veterinarian medicine but

for science and
medicine in general and water.

Notice I said these were physicians they

were what we had they were what we had and
a lot of the earliest they

were in the area and in fact the first
person to see the honorary going to very

green in this country was in cell
a physician trained in Europe.

Now let's go back and
look up memory will we know about.

Contagion last leg I was broke like
this is one of the the paddocks they

had forty five acres of paddocks each one
capable of housing one thousand horses.

Well you see here you see lots
of horses rock sticking out and

what's in the header of the horses run
a water trail up for a third trail off

with it's not coming out of the nose of
the horses into those the troughs and

water troughs and then there's these two
horses are blurry almost all of course

the pictures of horses during the war
going to be blurred his game stand still.

Right.

But now that's that sounds pretty
bleak does anything good come of this.

Well George makes it out alive
was home to Pennsylvania and

sets up private practice in
New Town Pennsylvania in Bucks County

where he does what veterinarians did in
the late one thousand nine hundred ninety

nine hundred century treats horses by nine
hundred sixty three out of the latest this

is this is the cover of The Journal of the
American Veterinary Medical Association

and this is from just a couple of years
ago celebrating one hundred fifty years

ago were also commemorating
the hundred years since the civil war.

It's not a coincidence in eight hundred
sixty three in New York City nine men

that are in the area and that because they
were tired of hearing their hair out he

had tried to educate her master general
office about what kinds of supplies should

be sent out with the worst since
they had tried to get jobs being in

charge of places like guys were appointed
sometimes they got those jobs and

very quickly got ran out of those jobs
because of politicians trying to force

quack medicines that they not counting
on it would put up with it so

they got sick of it and then you know they
created the United States veterinarian

Medical Association which is in.

The late eighteen hundreds became the
American Veterinary Medical Association

which is our professional organization
to this day and it exists very much.

So for the same reason that that Dr
do you talk about human physicians

really that network wanted was to
increase their base of knowledge so

that there would not be cracks out there
make sure that everybody who is out there

saying I'm a veterinarian actually knows
what they're talking about and also to

raise the consciousness of the American
public about what veterinarians have to

offer a price and well town where they
learned so much about the animal disease

by the end of the war and the concept
of contagion that the British capital

prep where they render past all calculated
there was a terrible outbreak of it and

eight hundred sixty five days
in season six in the U.K.

the United States had people
literally had to adopt

waiting to inspect those cattle to make
sure nobody was coming in with any

signs of disease because they had learned
from the lessons of guys were reporting

from the lessons of alleged Virgin here
that the way to keep infectious and

contagious disease out was to isolate
quarantine and thanks to the efforts of

those people cattle plague has never
come into this country now took until

one thousand nine hundred thirty
four to get rid of the others.

Arguably we never would have that
problem with LANDERS If they're not in

the Civil War but that is so
that the story of a very

distant during the American Civil War and
I thank you so much for your attention.

That

we need to do this you know we

did a little bit of you
know this is what we have

got to do that we're really going
to be on the line to morrow right.

Probably a lot of the light like

a lot of it going to be
actually you know I'm like

people in there and
they think that I'm beginning to think for

the other side loyally
finally on one side and

that by the way that you can
actually see how you can do you

like the photograph that they're taking
the clothes you like on the microphone and

then berthing using natural light
native all of you are looking for

the light and how they did it live.

It would work.

I know nothing really wrong was written
when you read the words for his work.

I feel like one of the writers that
you like and like with their case here

you have a five hundred one liter of the
power Hyeres that all of them really and

it's not going to go lightly on
the low life instruction and

you take a look around it and they
really wanted to put you on the market.

You know out of this
are kind of like knowledge.

Well yeah they are actually they'll
probably also like woodworkers there and

this is really the start of a very
small the for international and

yet a lot of the global development
that her out really done.

You really thought by ear
when you hear the anybody

probably like not me they
start by new family and

then eat their heart rate will
tell you a lot like that.

If you like a girl like this all of
Michael Brown is the right place

when you leave.

Or do you know you will hear
there are people who argue that

you know a lot of that for the money
is that that that you can overdo it.

You have a lot of good stories

just like a human being

because you're right and

they go in there fast when you're in.

You know race horses.

You know every

place like

when you know.

Here is that you make that hole so I will
I will move it out for you I see it right.

Playing out that nutrition
is really important for

the chairman the rate of growth
of all horses they are not dead.

Probably the little horse
the words of will not

grow properly and then they cannot be shot

where you have to get upset you.

Helen Helen really actually works with.

I think about an equal number
of teachers you will know

that or

a little that I'm sure to
tell grant you that a little

girl three didn't

like that was hard.

Larger conversation that
allergic to this decision

is that great dilute
the stewards of your good work.

I think a lot of people think it has to or
sort of was the willingness.

It was not for the large with you just for

the willing to actually
demonstrated to the rest.

The right here is those are the larger
version numbers that this was a group

whose been there was
not it's not the worst

part of a lot of research for a lot of
you know most challenging moments in

your life really coming out of Russia.

You know and to go

back again and there that you got there.

If you really are in the early.

Maybe you really are somehow right

on the way and

there needs to be around

the world in which you and
I am long in any

way we all do and

the really the way that you
mean you're going nearly along

the line and
you're publishing you're not meeting

with the White House.

Really you really want to work and

not just plain generally just
get up in the morning and

they love you know scientists are here to
not repeat it work in a small hot hospital

workers here in France and
study with some of the musicians there

was light and

dark I can hear you when you
got a little damage we're

not much more whole life in our

really really a very lonely

tree you know we are on and

when you are ready

to leave her more than that all of

your work a lot of people may say that
yes you know a lot of the reason I know

you're a legend is mother
of all of that medicine

another invention was I was desperate
to get a match what just happened

and it was an observation and
it was to go here and read anyway.

Another series it was out.

Was this one house huge mystery that you
listen to what you really want out there.

And of course there was a minute
much more while we need to you then

get surgical intervention was told you so

told you that as I was starting to have

to interrupt the discussion because
it's so good it's target for lunch.

But you're allowed to bring it back in
here so that the discussion will get to

you and then we are reconvening at
one fifteen in the in the economic

room for discussion of the artifacts
it's really beautiful the swale is a.