So one of the few things
that are one of these that

the last one I don't agree search or
you know knowledge of research

is sort of commercial applications
you know will think about it.

The sort of flow out of the research.

Sometimes it's easy to forget there
is actually products to be sold

here and so it's a real pleasure to have
my calves from outside the industries

that actually does nothing else you
know the problem here as I was due to

my goddess of acid to create the drugs
the university chemistry and

his doctorate in organic of
the chemistry from Syracuse University

here working at least one chemicals and
I can so you know I'm

sure he began developing his expertise
in radiation curing of materials and

in fact was part of the story of their
photo home there when I worked at

any pieces of Nippon Asahi pretty
plates that were there for

ten years but you know you see
the chemicals and for the few years

a principal research fellow at site and
their offices are just up the road here is

where he is director of Global Research
in oil product materials.

He's also very active in his professional
society there the right type North America

which is the Industrial Association for
aviation during the service.

So we're told there are living editor
in chief of other news the other.

Secretary of the Executive Board and
he's currently president of the society.

He also received their presidents
award for outstanding achievement in

the radiation your industry is used
to read in today's talk about so

on to the materials that are based on
no great thanks for the indirection.

The sea is volume.

OK great.

Thank you.

Before I begin I want to just
make a comic because I was struck

by something little bit earlier today.

If I had to take a wild guess I would

assume we have quite a few graduate
students post-docs and so forth.

Here in this room is one of those kind
of a make a mention that one never knows

where your research is going to
end up at or world take you and

that is the key to that is something
that when I was talking about my bio

received my Ph D. from Syracuse University
in one nine hundred seventy nine I had

the pleasure as an advisor in a at that
point a small group of my advisors.

Dr I.E. Cina gay sheep who won the Nobel
Prize last week and just thinking back.

When I was in Syracuse in
similar lectures like this.

I had no idea back then that the work
that we were doing because it was

the Nobel Prize was cited in the work that
was started when I was with him because it

was the seventy seven seventy eight work
on various are going to tell a chemistry.

You know you never know where
your work is going to end up that

it may seem a dead end or
just sort of interesting.

But as a sort of a mere stop our part
in your career but it may take you some

places you never expect three of
them wanted for it different now

of course I was doing it mostly organic
Born-Again aluminum chemistry with.

And even though I worked on one of the
papers that was cited by the Nobel Prize.

I was I was knocking
down some dead ends and

I researched it co-author a book with him.

So what that like to start in with
are my presentation which is on

the Helen free curable high refractive
index materials for life management.

Make a slight switch in probably a lot
of the presentations that you have had

the pleasure to listen to rather than go
through a purely academic type focus.

A laser focus on a particular Riyadh.

Action.

Particular characteristic.

I thought I present this is a bit more
of a journey because that's in industry.

And as we were pursuing and
had a need for high refractive materials.

That's exactly what happened in real life.

We went through a progression
some of that ends.

To get to where we
eventually arrived at so

I would be presenting this as
a bit of organic chemistry slash.

Nanoparticle type work we did to achieve
the high refractive index materials.

But that is talk a little
bit about refractive index.

Because that's a very
germane to what we were doing

directive in that itself has three
functions or three characteristics.

You have refraction.

So as light rays change direction when
they cross in your face from one material

the other the very characteristic
soda straw type thing.

Look in the light refraction
looks like the straw is bent.

You have reflection.

Where light reflects partially from
the inner surfaces of two materials.

And also the Spurs and
versity of the wavelengths.

Of the light all that is dictated
by snow is law for refraction.

So that's that's the background
on our eye refractive index.

Why are we interested in that.

Well there's quite a few reasons and
in this case a lot of these deal with.

Applications in electronics field.

You have brightness and handsome films.

It sounds like a rather strange title but
there's one right here on this laptop or

this monitor they're used in
all the laptops around and

just sort of mention Up
until that last year or so

ago you had some of our material in your
laptop we supply the high refractive index

materials for probably ninety percent
of laptops made at one point.

Anti-reflective coatings
high reflective coatings.

Bright reflectors on that which is a
stacked layer of multiple refractive index

materials lenses and lenses photonic
advices security coatings all those

work because of reactive index or require
a frac control of refractive index.

So we have a need to be able to make
you have a material which you can then

get a predictive practive
index just as a short and

quick example I talked about the
brightness and handsome and handsome films

are referred to and this is what it looks
like inside your laptop where your.

You have your for us.

I'm told.
Most of them are frozen bulbs have

a waveguide and
it's be able to take that light and

it's in the focus it on to your eyes.

So it looks brighter.

Here's an example from Acer of video
screen with a refractive index and

without a B. I mean with B.F. without the.

On that one.

So think of these as just prism
films the very practical reason for

wanting to control and wanting to use for
active in the coatings.

Now isn't mentioned we're using these for
a practical reason we want to have

our coatings the coatings we generate go
into a variety of real world applications

you have to worry about more things more
attributes than just refractive index.

That's obviously the target.

But you want to be able to use these you
need to dial in a few other controls so

in addition to the optical properties and
that condition to our I could be clarity.

You have to worry about the mechanical
properties how they're going to

use and he.

You have a coating it
has to stick something.

It's amazing how often again
a chemistry coatings looks great.

It's a surface and
it just feels right off.

You can't you can't really usually use it.

Formulation capability.

You need to have something that's
going to blend in combine.

Other ingredients to
get your final object.

To process it.

And fortune that four letter word cost
that you can design the best molecule

in the world but if no one can afford
to pay for it just sits on your shelf.

And product stewardship and

that refers to the green sustainability
aspect toxicity be able people handle it.

So you need to do when you
generate new chemistries you

need to to consider all those attributes.

Now let's start with the theory of OK
we're ready to make some high refractive

index or
control refractive index materials.

I want to we start well
let's go with the basics and

that's could be found in
the Lawrence Lorenz equation.

There it is listed up here on that and

what we see is that you can get
a higher refractive index material.

By either increasing the polarized
ability that your system or

your view of your compound.

And or increasing the density.

Once you start doing that
we now have a control.

So it's great as chemists we go.

OK now we've got something.

Now we know some dials to
change our molecule to get

that examples where you could
do is add to our magic rings at

halogen atoms chlorine bromine
very popular go to hetero atoms.

And finally the organic
organic hybrid nanomaterials.

And it was this theory that really got us
going in the direction that we we took.

Now what that mission is a journey and
as much research sometimes happen you go.

OK let's go with the let's take
the low hanging fruit the easier route

first because if it works it's great.

So with that we and
the fact that almost all of us on involved

in this area in our group
are again a chemist.

We did what we call the traditional
approach and that's you.

An organic synthesis formulations generate
a high refractive index with a backup

being the new approach which is the inner
Gannett organic hybrid nano composites

basically nanoparticle
dispersions in our system so

we went through that progression.

But at the time we were hoping we could
solve it on the on the on the first thing

out of the gate because we're always
eternal optimist here on our approaches.

So we took some of basic organic chemistry

to it back from the old
days as works in a boy.

Type textbook or get a chemistry and
started adding a tissue to our molecules.

At mention that we wanted to have
these as practical coatings practical

materials that you would use in electronic
applications and the route we want to do

and because we have some expertise in
that area was to make these U.V. curable.

So curable by light.

Which is similar to if you had
a filling in your teeth and

in time in the past quite a few years and
it just shined a light that's done by

visible light but that's that's you
curing our radiation like curing on that.

So with that we wanted to
structure this functionality

on there and that correlate or
could have been the fact.

Which react with free radicals
generated by a photo initiator and

bang you get in sync.

You're in so that we start
adding aerobatic rings there.

Here we have with bisphenol a poxy.

We have two of them in there and
we can see we get a reasonably decent

the refractive index
one point five one here

one point five five and the molecule
isn't too complex easy to put together.

And essentially committed we can
make them very easily commercially.

However you have a compromise
between practive index and density.

Viscosity so as you start increasing
the grammars Matic rings.

The viscosity goes up here to eight
hundred thousand center poise I

think of honey on a very cold day.

It's almost a gel type of consistency so

not not as practical to use you
can dilute it with solvents.

But then you have to worry
about the solvents and

that cuts down your fact of index.

So OK that's the first thing out of
that worked OK but not very exciting.

And of course.

You can now go to Helgi
need accolades on that one.

So here.

We start to pull out
our Gannett chemistry.

Textbooks and add a bunch of Koreans

on the suborning all acolyte here
refractive index one point five four.

Bromine turned out to
have one of more popular

Adams to start tacking on that
to modify the fact of the next.

Try Bromo compound here
one point five six.

And that's what's really pushed this
to a limit here on this aromatic ring.

We've got fibro means.

Here's our air curable functionality that
will react and a bromo gentleman factor

late in it's a fraction of one point seven
one outstanding index of refraction.

And but there's always a but here and
this will turn out to be a very big but

you get higher algae nation higher higher
value but it is solid in this case.

Basically it's rock.

You literally can't do very much.

It sits and laughs at solvents it's
very difficult to formulate so

you can't do anything practical with it
but there's actually a bigger problem with

these molecules and
anything in the series is the series and

that is seen in Fortune the reason
why they work with their house.

Because health and
free materials over the past few years.

Are the preferred requirement.

Because environmental concerns so
the problem.

So we had with algae being banned
literally in many countries.

Really really put a very
fast stop to any research

in this area this kind of F.I.A. pretty
much all the laptops and all the all

the video screens ever made up until
about three to three to three years ago.

Well used materials.

That's highly highly brominated actually
had a lot of bromine in your computer

screen for that to get out for
active index so and rightfully so.

And has stopped the use of that.

So you need the higher refractive index.

For higher performance and especially as
electronics start pushing into new areas.

They want to perform better
performance at third coatings

than are the vice structures.

So it helps to have a higher refractive
index also pushing this is you need

a lower risk OS if it's got a city
requirement so you can coat these things

and if you're think back to that
slide I meant I had earlier on.

There's multiple properties you need to

really do a balancing act when you
starts this size and chemistries.

They have to go into a specific device.

So we moved off from that said Ok pal
genes are bad actors let's so for

could work out well good.

There was a build a number and so

we made some some standard compounds
here and that's one point five six.

Here it is we have dental
file Ethyl accurately and

then this couple are magic rings
in one point six six is a solid.

So we were able to use existing
organic chemistry in this case.

To get healthy and free.

That's a nice success and
high refractive index materials.

Here's some examples of materials we made
these are your thing acolytes containing

sulfur and

clear liquids reactive index one point
six six one point six three nine.

Like your weight Lotus Casi and density so

this was able to indicate that if you can
combine magic rings and hetero atoms.

This is specifically sulfur in this case.

And make now we've now
brought in our toolbox.

For getting high refractive
index materials.

And it's key to be able to
formulate these systems we tend

to think in our research labs
in those chemists to you.

The end all the holy grail
is this one single molecule.

Very rarely unless you're probably
not even pharmaceuticals they're one

molecule does a trick
usually have to combine it.

In what we formulate it to add other
materials other chemistry that will give

you a flow that will be able to be sprayed
maybe give the right surface texture.

So you have to formulate that so we
formulated to test out our formulations of

this sulfur containing materials and we're
able to do that rather successfully get

index of refraction and it got it
dropped because of the other materials

that we had to add lower
their practive index.

I think is dilution factor.

But it got hardness tensile strength along
all these for the in the engineering

bent would would view those as not
only interesting parameters but

useful parameters so you're able
to formulate this these materials.

However And

there's always these kind of however as
you can tell in the story on that one.

We now have an avid toll chest
which has sulfur contending Moloch.

Atoms in our inner chemistry.

It turns out that if you can
imagine there's some people

maybe a lot of people or hasn't it.

You sulfur in there in their materials.

It is a lot worse than I did
some undergraduate work in

Sulphur you get used to it but there is
that little part of smell if you don't.

If you have low molecular
weight materials in there and

unfortunately you sometimes get that.

So you have smell and you may also
have interaction with a sulfur.

Or what's actually the worst part from
a practical end is you get color you

can tend to to degrade the coatings and
you get a perhaps a brownish

which is not very desirable for
a lot of optical applications.

So.

Like the Eveready bunny bunny here battery
burner we just kind of keep plugging away

said OK can't do sulfur Let's
switch to another atom here.

So we went belly up.

They took out sulphur at
eight another element in air

not not in metal element and
able to generate high

refractive index again materials
high viscosity good functionality.

So we can put all that this coffee
by the way by the side that

diluting it with a reactive solvent.

But in general is OK.

However we're now limited.

You can only so much organic chemistry.

You can do you can switch out your so
for for

say a phosphorous and so forth but you
get limited by the organic chemistry So

basically you're told just remain small
and we couldn't achieve what we wanted to

do with this and
that was getting us frustrated so

if you take a little take a take a look
at the refractive index of all in

organic compounds you can now go in to
the next phase of the work which brings

it to I guess that the main
part of my presentation today.

Because when you look at a table of
refractive index and organic compounds.

You see fantastic numbers here that

they would carry mock site calcium
oxide topic so you could recommend X.

two point seven two point five
two point six and so forth.

I think teller.

Three point five six and that's
unbelievably good considering in our

getting realm with that until we start
adding the solvers and stuff you usually

get one point four five one point four
eight is what many people have been

living with with control for fact of the
next to make all these optical devices.

On that one.

So it's there's our
solution here really easy.

Does that medal to you
are again excess them and

probably way back when we first started
taking general chemistry kind of realized

that there's something
wrong with that theory.

How do you add the metals in
shrinking down into nano particles.

And this brings us into our
current line of research and

we're spending a lot of time.

And that's developing the inner
Granik organic hybrid nano composites

which combine what we believe the best
features of the organic system for

the CO to building a lot of
the properties and the metals.

Now there's two approaches or
two technologies that you could do

we just sat here on a got to one
of the white boards here and

said OK Let's brainstorm
how we would approach.

Making materials coding system so
it's came both metal and

organic phase and really common
ones are solid gel chemistry.

I believe there's probably people
here on campus who's a vital

familiar with that and that's a process
involves transition of a system from

from a liquid basically a cloyed
systems into a gel or solid phase.

Or in what sounds like very simple
approaches taking the nano particles.

The.

Then you're again exist I'm.

And in that case what we would want to do

is use commercially
available nanoparticles.

My company is based in organic chemistry
company to mention a name site tech but

if you look at the history books.

We're used to be known
as American Scientists.

So we are like Du Pont Monsanto one of
the big organic chemistry companies.

So with that as their expertise is
lies more and organic on that one.

So we were very happy to take
no existing nanoparticles and

modify them service modify those
particles and then this person in a U.V.

curable system get what we want.

But let's take a talk a little
bit about salt because that's

very well established chemistry
been around for a lot of years.

And there's a lot of
things not about that.

Well quick review of solid gel
chemistry here it's basically taking

metal sides or chlorides or nitrates
hydrolyzed in them and condensing them.

So it's really neat and
rather simple chemistry.

Uses low temperature.

So it's something that's that's
relatively benign relatively mild.

And the condensation itself
generates very highly cross-link

systems usually metal oxygen metal.

Networks with side products
of water in alcohol.

So that's not so

bad you could you could work with that and
next one is a bit of an eye chart here.

Maybe the difficult to see if you're back
father but but basically this is just

an overview of the soul gel chemistry
process because now as we we're trying to

incorporate our metals in with the organic
face to get where we want to go.

So this is a very classic reaction system.

Here we have there and so what.

These are combined water and alcohol.

And here you get your somewhat
Gela dispersion system.

Heating you get in organic organic
hybrid system or cured film you latest

down on a flat surface heated up you get
a nice cured film in the cross-link.

And you end up with a system
that looks like this in general.

So you have your metals you Corporate it
in there you have your Gannett face here

so you have a coating that's
you can practically apply

on quite a lot of services.

So make that am a metal
with your desired active

index and you're good to go
you now have a good system.

But there are very there
are some key challenges in issues

which which stumped us when
we look at this approach.

And one of the key one is that you usually
get incomplete hydrolysis condensation.

So you love the reactions
really easy to do.

Basically pour these things together star.

Heat type of thing.

But it's hard forcing
the reaction to go to completion.

So you have a what in essence
nice solid surface but

it's a partially reacted chemistry which
means the reactions can continue and

usually in ways you really don't want
has pure poor hydraulics the ability.

And you tend to get
frequent crack problems and

if your film as this thing ages and
continues to cure over time.

So you basically have a living coating.

And that's not a good thing to
have if you're you're designing

the new generation.

I Phone.

That's going to using this material.

So we've now narrowed down our routes
the success here and what we can do and.

We then went to the looking
at incorporating our nano

particles we're making nano composites.

And right off the.

That we saw a major problem which has

limited the use of nano particles
in a lot of organic systems.

And that is due to a little
thing called Scatter scattering.

Here's the scattering equation here.

For those who tend to like math there and
myth that and

by the way it is mentioned on there
always gathering is what allows us to see

the atmosphere in a blue color there and
it is the as

light sitting these particles are clumping
together you get haze significantly.

Here's an example on this photo here

are three different commercially
available nanoparticles versions.

Basically just popped on to.

Google.

Look at all the companies selling it and
there's an amazing amount

of companies that are in the nanoparticle
market generating nanoparticles

probably more than will attend
the game coming up next month.

It's just that there's a new company and
there are a variety of

tame ones titanium and we found that
they all look the same there and

lost my screen and

I just screeners was have to go there.

This I can see it.

OK but we did is we just we
just ordered it from anybody.

We can samples and they all look like
this is just represent a sample so

when you look at get
this person materials.

You don't have this yellow bluish
running on their chemistries.

And probably what they do
stable at this Persians.

And it's very easy to see why that's
going to cause some major problems for

optical systems for.

Corporation to electronic devices on
that with a haze because you're going to

lose efficiency by scattering and
so forth.

So we don't is that approach this is
said OK we're going to use commercially

available systems and
it's something we didn't want to generate.

Our own nanoparticles because
it's very easy to make and are so

many companies making it it's very cheap
materials but the key is the next step.

How do you incorporate
that into organic system.

So what we did is design the matrix and

the nano particles to manage
their frac index difference.

So we control the frac to the next
compatibility and we're able to this and

looked at dispersing the nanomaterials.

In primary particles within this organic
system and let me illustrate that

all maybe a few comments here commercial
nanoparticles that you would buy.

Or make yourself is a very easy to make
dispersions of an organic oxides or

metal particles.

So you get a wide variety of materials but
they tend to be in water.

Because they're very
difficult to keep them in in

dispersion they're inorganic systems.

So our process or
our research took years to

develop the take in
the commercially available systems.

That are hydrophilic and not reactive
think of these to suspend that.

Nanoparticles ten to
twenty five nanometers

in size convert them over to nano
particles that are now hydrophobic.

And curable on that simple to say
not as easy to do in the lab.

And we did that by modifying the surface
of the nano particles with organic groups.

Which contain U.V. curable functionality
that we need overview here.

Of the process.

So basically you start out with
your inner Gannett nanoparticles

these are the commercially available.

Ones.

You saw a bit earlier.

We surface functionalized them.

And I'll comment a bit more on the surface
functional because obviously that's that's

key here but
he did this at relatively mild conditions.

The solvent has been removed
by the way at that point and

then you get a basically
a container a filter can

think containing functionalized
nano particles with nano particles.

That attached to the surface
talking classic and

some going to talk
chemistry here with chains.

We then disperse those nano
particles here and this step.

So take that we disperse them.

And move the solvent.

But we disperse them in a U.V.
curable system.

So now we have resin and an organic face.

That will react with U.V.
light cure the rock.

Through free radical type initiation.

And then you get your coating.

Here it is used exposed to U.V. radiation.

And in the eyes photo initiator

because you need something to
generate this free radicals.

And they cope with the rise phases and

the particles particles and
you get basically a coating

or a device or three dimensional
object if you're making a lens.

That would look like this.

So now you have small metal
particles cured in locked in

your polymer nice and stable.

And now the key for all this is
to get that surface modification.

We weren't the first people or
anywhere near the first people who had

proposed to say well just
how do you make the stable.

But as we can see.

Here.

And again this is just just three we
are going to put thirty of these up there.

If we wanted to this says
this has confounded a lot

of companies on how to make these things
stable basically start pointing together.

That one.

I wish I could say there was a magic
bullet a single molecule that you

take your nanoparticle reacted
with a certain chemistry and

then you got something that
would look like a Harry

micro nano tennis ball on that you've got
to my nanoparticle coming off or change.

But that turns out to be
not the way to do it.

So there are not that we've ever found a
magic golden bullet of a single chemistry.

Turned out that the way you
do this is a little bit.

Actually it's kind of the real
basic I don't approach.

But use a combination of chemistry.

So basically you have you have
each particle is has say three

two to three possibly four different
species complex onto it for

example you have one that's going
to to make it stable in an organic

system that has some functionality and
you have a nother part is that's

curable accolade in fact related
functionality at the end it's you curable.

So what we believe and

what has probably brought a lot of people
doing work into stare into dead ends.

Is that you look for this.

Where can I combine two nano particles
functionalized them they'll make it work.

And turns out the secret is not one and
but

it's the process very easy it's not just
adding a mix of two or more systems.

And there's no single molecule I could

give you right up on the board perhaps
three of them that we can be used but all

depends on what you're trying to disperse
them in what you're trying to achieve.

But the key there is.

Approach is to think of let's
break this into components.

I need to I need to have that
functionality that stabilisation chemistry

to do this a I needed to do B.
I needed to do C.

And basically what we did approach was
let's add a B. and C. to our systems here.

At this point.

Functionalism say a three components
system and run away there.

Now how good is that because
I spent a lot of time kind of

commenting on what's commercially
available the first materials and

what we found is that the surface
treatment technology does enable inner

Gannett nanoparticles to be compatible in
an organic medium without any Gone ration

over a period of time in a matter of
some day I'll be showing some data.

In a following slide.

The surface treatment
enables a low viscosity so

by changing some of your
functionality say component B..

At your service treatment.

We're able to generate systems
which even with a high loading

has a very low practical scar city.

So you can now apply these things
through spray coating perhaps or

decoding certain coating type systems.

And the surface treatment overcomes
the rally scattering issues for

optical transparency.

Let's show you some I can show
you some proof here because

one thing to say that's so it looks
like there's a sample that we made.

Containing an inner Gana organic.

Nano composite material.

I believe this one is.

I believe Sir Conan containing zirconium.

Can't think I can't recall what
the sample was and loading.

But I mentioned high loading
We were able to get.

In excess of twenty five twenty eight
percent of nanoparticles in organic face

and when you think about that packing
that's that's a lot of material because

you still want to lot of organic face in
there to give your property some practical

property so you can get that ten
fifteen twenty percent stabilized.

So you can see here.

In this photo.

Heidi transparent.

You see no scattering.

And of course that could be I couldn't
very trick in the fact that we just

took this photo about ten minutes
after we generated our sample So

before anything could happen.

I like to show you example of
stability of comparison here.

The sample on your right
says Sol gel nano one.

This was made through a normal so

process of the classic process that I
illustrated on an earlier slide there.

Has the same metal system in this most
this miss one may have been titanium

system but it's the same metal in both
cases but this is just made sense all gel.

It was clear for the first twenty four
hours probably by the second day into

third day it started easing up then we
took this is they after about five days.

On that one made on the same day.

This parallel surfaces.

We did one using our hybrid system so

basically we wanted to
compare stabilities.

Took our dispersion commercial dispersion.

Move the solvent moved whatever chemistry
they had on their surface added our

combination of chemistry.

Dispersed that back into a U.V. system.

And here's what you get
after the after the week.

So one is clear this is
still clear this is hazy.

So you can see the difference using
this classic chemistry is here on

their on their use.

Let's show you some data on the stability.

These samples were aged at sixty
degrees usually used when you're

aging samples you generate a sample that
you can just stick it on your lab bench.

Come back in a month two months three
months see how it's how how it looks and

we do that we do that but
you usually don't want to wait that long.

So you'll tend to do it all in a lab
is actually had a sample up in an oven

and with the idea.

Usually it's OK.

Usually at the logic works but

sometimes it doesn't but
the idea is that the higher heat history.

It's going to age faster so
it's accelerated aging that.

So here it is we have the dates
sitting in the going to sixty degrees.

Here's Scotty.

As a material increases the Scottie that's
usually an indication that you're getting

reaction you're getting some side
reactions there it's jelling.

And basically becoming useless for
a practical material

here we see here the in
the red is the salt gel.

So this is just using classic textbook
out of the literature soldier chemistry

heat up again these are U.V.
systems where it's dark black.

Coated bottles so you're not seeing light
it's just thermal there's a thermal effect

but we see the soldier chemistry rapidly
increasing this gossipy up to the point

in it's going to it becomes a solid
chunk in your bottle same time.

Here's the the hybrid nano systems.

So the material that we have stabilized
nano particles dispersed in the organic

matrix the U.V. system then go flat.

They are so very nice to state
liquid state low viscosity so.

This indicates that essentially
no reaction you're getting no

complex ation no side reactions here so
you have a good stable system.

It becomes practical to use now

as I showed you some early numbers with
that with the organic chemistry approach I

wanted to show some of the properties
of the nanoparticle dispersions.

And as you can imagine you could start
varying the chemistry in the U.V.

resonance to get other properties but
this is a typical one

year is there how the hell is it
free contains a metal particle or

a metal oxides perhaps medical right.

You know various nano particles and
their color very light

yellow clear centrally so use so very low
current Gardner color of less than one.

Refractive index one point
five six one point five nine.

Little discuss city at this
temple of his custody.

You're wide open and what application
techniques you can use or want to use.

And there's a density you get gets
the gold for this sample and for

sixty degrees for a week room temperature.

We've kept the sample over six months.

With no agglomeration no hazing.

And no significant increase in viscosity
so basically quite stable there.

And here is just

a formulated material is going to want to
add this because we tend in my company and

it's rethink of the final
formulated materials.

How can you combine it with other
added is the initiator and so

forth to give you your practical
practical quotable material.

And here is this is the attributes year
we have a clear liquid color density

was your rectum and next of the care film
in this case is one point five eight.

Very hard as most of you
probably very few of you

if you haven't done any CODIS kind of can
judge what is what the hardest would be.

Five pages is extremely hard
usually organic coatings are and

are in the one to two to three and

most this is a really great scratch
resistant to the type system.

Tensile strength and graded he can
very easy to formulate very advanced

coding properties such as sort of
an attribute is what this can be used for.

I gave a presentation very similar to this
at a conference a company approached us.

That were making screens touchscreens

protective scratching recalls Sark scratch
an abrasion resistant touchscreens.

For some killer systems.

Apple has looked at this for the i Phone.

It was H.P.
that faction they sample the companies

with this this actually formulation
they want to use this as a benchmark.

So you can start seeing
work be practically it

can be now practically used.

And that.

It's not just the refractive
index this whole moral goal.

In our project here was to get a high
refractive index that we can use for.

Optoelectronics applications.

But you think about it if you look at
something else other than refractive

index for that nanoparticle
Instead of fact of the next.

You can may want to modify
your final materials

coefficient of thermal expansion
perhaps apartness could response.

Stability tensile strength.

Maybe a color In other words by modifying
that nanoparticle that metal metal

oxide where you have in there by modifying
the stabilizing chemistry and using.

And by modifying the organic matrix

you end up to now have this
fantastically wide and large tool chest.

That you could dial in and
get properties as you want it.

Want to start custom
customizing your coding or

composite material that you want to
do to achieve a lot of effect so.

So this route stabilizer nanoparticles
getting an organic Matrix just opens up

a really wide door.

Of really neat applications.

And I mention this was sort of
a journey when I first started this and

as I'm not going to my summary now.

I thought to be interesting
to show you exactly how long.

Sometimes these things take here.

We start off in literally late
one nine hundred eighty S.

and the first some of the first chemistry
that I showed you there happened.

And so on.

Off to get for active index accolade
residence Holly Maddux systems and

so forth through the systems.

These were.

When they were first made first grade
in our labs first commercialised.

Obviously some of these are still
being made today for other reasons but

you see our journey and
as we started growing in the.

The practive index had Adams our first
accolade composites actually kind

of took a step back and stabilizing and
we're now heavily involved in the work.

Of what we call accolade
molecular composite materials.

We're taking the work that I showed you
here taking this great nano particles and

they're going a one step beyond

think smaller Parle particles
a little bit different.

Again it type systems and at that point
believe we could start generating

into the one point six one point seven
The refractive index material so

these would be simple simple organic
systems or at least that would appear that

would work like a classic organic systems
you can coat paint them spray them but

give you some really neat and
unique properties.

So that I to my conclusion before
it to be witching hour here.

One based on our understanding
of the act of INEC So

we started out really
in the very beginning.

Trying to understand what causes what
active in X. in organic chemistry here.

So by looking at that we
developed some new technologies

to develop the different challenges
that we had working with with

many people in
the electronic device realm.

Going through a multiple multiple aromatic
rings that are rather than continue

with a knack rights were developed to have
refractive index systems greater than one

point six In some cases which are halogen
free so we solve that problem.

But again our tool box was limited in
that case there's areas we couldn't go or

had other problems
including cost by the way.

And now.
So we ended up getting us motivating us

to develop surface chemistry new surface
chemistry for nano particles to be able to

splurge them make systems which overcome
the Raleigh defect scattering and

so these are halogen free love discussing
materials with greater than one point five

nine one point six zero refractive index
so but it took us a long while but

the end of the day we managed to get
exactly where we wanted to go and.

The journey is still going on and
hopefully some some time at a future

conference will be a report on on the next
step which is being worked on now.

And like any project there's actually
a lot of people involved in this but

there's a special of one
of the specially recognized

including in particularly Dr Jeffrey Wang.

Who's been one of the guiding lights of
this project since the very early days but

also Marcus Hutchinson kind of
moved all located up in our Smyrna

research labs up the road there.

Which had been doing the lion's
share of the lab work

in this area with that like
to thank you very much for.

Or your time here an invitation
to give a presentation here.

Yes

you're right that it's a very very
good question and you're correct.

We found what works out
the best are those processes or

companies which generate the nanoparticles
in a narrow distribution and

as small as possible all
around twenty five nanometers

with the ones that we've drawn that had a
wide range you do run to more problems but

by stabilizing and
you're actually able to use them but

we tend to we found seems to work
all the better with a narrow

more narrow range but what you
stabilize them up to a certain point.

Once there are some some samples received

that were I'm convinced they just
took a little stones in this world.

I'm in there because they're they're huge.

And those they are beyond hope.

But but within a range hundred nanometers
seventy five seem to be OK but

narrowly just days would make sense narrow
seemed to make a little process smoother

phosphorus

and a more.

Yeah we have more we take of well

some material stabilizing I think
phosphorous we've we've you

spectra expect to be on the dispersed
materials and we showed that we

were getting interaction with the metals
that they were they were they were bonded.

On that one.

I'm sorry can you repeat
the question again is sure.

The advantages of the hybrid
systems you get you now have

a material which you
can apply you can cope.

Just as you because to make a practical
device whether it's the say an i Phone

or a new systems.

Some of the others working on you need to
have attributes of coatings be able to

either code to do two level maybe
a strong structural strength on that one.

So by having the Nana composites in
with the organic things you now have

the best of both worlds.

You have a quotable system.

That gives you protection.

You can apply but you also have
the ability to reach change the properties

of the Gannett coating with the metal in
it to give you your fact of index to give

a scratch an abrasion to get to make
it very tough to give a variety

of other other optical properties some

thermal properties also just by the other
material the nano particles themselves ply

them they become not uniform become
hazy coatings which will affect your

say if you have it is as a screen for
example protective covering for

photovoltaic cells or
cell and this is an overcoat.

If you had the off the shelf
the nanoparticle dispersion you would lose

some of your light efficiency because it
will make it like a coating of a dull

coating by having a clear transparent
coating you allow more like to go through.

And it benefits your your photovoltaic so
it becomes practical more practical.

Yes credible building.

Yes because that's the one thing you
can't do with just a simple dispersion

it's great great from an academic
interest but you can.

It's much harder to actually use in
a final device because you need more

properties then that once
a simple system can deliver and

it's a great challenge it's very difficult
but it's also a fantastic puzzle

in the world puzzle to be able to
take multiple properties and get

something where you can actually use and
you see it in a final device on that one.

Yes yes

yes you can do that we have done
that we haven't we haven't made any

final device because it hasn't given
us anything then a single system.

You know could do what we were looking for
and

I would say that you know there's a fact.

I think that's a great idea and I mean
you're on and it will a while development

of something unique by taking two
maybe three and trying to tertiary

system up to now what we are trying
to achieve able to achieve by

want it just it's a simpler system if you
could do it with one rather than two but

that actually opens the door for
some REALLY need of facts that.

Well yes yes

yes yes yes there are there are there

are some there are some vendors and
it's the chemistry of course is not

referring to the people actually a company
it's a member of this chemistry now.

We will never order again they're very
difficult to work with there are there's

impurities there are some
which we found some really

fatal impurities in our system others
tend to be very clean very uniform

good descriptions we're talking about
earlier very nicely narrow distribution of

nanoparticles still have probably
scattering still like that but they seem

to be cleaner because there's a variety
of chemistry as one could do to generate

nano particles we can go to literature and
find different ways of making them.

You can some tend to generate more
impurities and I better quality control

than other companies so we have found
a wide range of raw materials and

we do have some favorites that we we tend
to use but what we found is that for

most part this approach can work with all
of them just some are better than others.

It's like starting with a good or
bad raw material.

You may go to work to get better
results for the cleaner materials was

a good question at this point in the
nanoparticles that's one thing we have not

considered when we consider we think about
it because very much from our own company

and we could attribute presentation
I gave sustainability is a very key

part of our company but because this is
still early stages and we really needed to

make it work that's been a secondary
consideration so we haven't looked at the.

At basically the green green chemistry
what sustainability chemistry has been

using generate the particles
now within ours.

Yes That's that's actually.

As we developed our final process.

Removing the solvent to add the the
stabilizing chemistry on a particle there

is sustainability concerns recognition
in what we selected how we did that.

Thank you.