It's quite real pleasure to see.

Michael yourself with dancing

just because of the still photos

of your life and

your five years of life on Earth.

First and apart from that has received

very numerous awards three or
four categories

for your time for

the company before and also as the
recipient of the National Medal of Science

thousand for you.

Graciously agreed to come down here and
give a park

that

we are very very happy to hear.

Thank you for your talk on the actual
transport across the seas.

Well there's nothing I like better
than the seeing my colleagues

and their students and
what I missed most in

retirement is I don't have much
contact the students anymore.

That's really the major joy of
a professor's life I think so.

What I have now is to felt that
watch more troublesome still is.

If you can believe.

But it's a pleasure to be here and
I've been very

pleasantly surprised by how nice a place
this city is and hellfire institution.

I think this is my first actual trip
of any significance to this area and

I find it very attractive.

Now.

By way of background for this talk.

When we finished writing
the transport book.

We almost had to start
everything from scratch.

We had done nothing else for
three years except write the book.

Feed the family a few things like this.

And so I decided that I would work
into areas that were familiar.

I had taken a fair amount of biological
courses starting of course with.

Bio chemistry and I wanted fires or
separations in the head of my attic field.

And so I said I'll work on separations
because I like your mistakes

making good guesses.

And I'll write a book biology from
my knowledge of transport phenomena.

Well separations went just
about as expected but

I finally realized very slowly and

relatively recently that the world
of biology has not really maturity.

What do you beyond what was there period
of my one nine hundred seventy five book

and it's become almost a session
with me to follow this and

what I'm going to do today is to
try to give you some feeling for

what I have seen as useful in biology and
this can be useful several different ways.

First of all if you're
teaching chemical engineering

you need a realistic examples and
there are too many

chemical processes that are only
imperfectly available to professors.

But the living body.

Even though many simple creatures is every
bit as complex as a chemical play it but

more so and it really has to
pretty much the same rules.

So one of them going to
start out with the same so.

Police samples would show
that the optimization.

Of biological transport processes

is surprisingly similar to
that of chemical plants.

So you are learning things
that would be useful as for

the students and they actually
get out in the chemical plant.

And some of those parallels
are extremely strong.

The second thing is that there are many
many good problems in biology both

of the research level and
its job level and

they're very sophisticated in fact
the best examples of complexity theory.

Have I think always been biological so
you can go about as far as you want.

In a short some of the hour.

I can only give one simple example but
it shows I think where you can start.

And last of all but that lot of important.

You learn an awful lot about your own body
which is potentially extremely useful.

I think most people do not adequately
care for their health and.

This is the biggest asset any of us has
you can't do anything else whether it's

Gulf or whatever but health.

You certainly can't be an engineer and
you will learn I think

if you study biology of ways to protect
your health and to improve your life.

Generally I mean a five for
of eighty five last Saturday and

I still feel about as good as I
felt when I came to Wisconsin.

In one nine hundred fifty three until
I start trying to compete with younger

people that visit some sort of changes but

basically you can improve your health
care market remarkably well and

understanding how the body works is
a good good good place to start.

So this is I think a very
practical subject.

And it's.

OK.

Now go on how the living systems look.

First of all complexity is normal.

I think there is no
significant biological problem.

But it's an exceedingly complex in nature.

And have to start with
that understanding and

that means you have to do what a welcome
grad world says start with a mystery and

convert it to a real puzzle but this
is what all professionals do engineers

medical doctors even politicians.

A lot.
I don't usually give that much credit.

All of your problems are way to
difficult to solve any complete sense.

So you have to make an approximation
which you hope will be useful.

So much of this talk will just be showing
you what kind of approximations have

proven to be useful and
what kind of tricks you can play.

And I claim that he wants to can dominate.

Professor bird and I are still very
good friends were always just on

the edge of violent place because
we see everything differently.

No matter whether it is including
transport to meet transport phenomena or

what you're use when you have reduced
the problem to some kind of a simple

puzzle that cannot be
put in question form.

But the important thing is to get there.

That's what I think is
the most important and

much of this talk will
involve getting there.

And I guess that's it.

My favorite quote here is
from on report car eight and

this guy was a competitor
of Einstein in a sense and

really physicist at about the same age and
he wrote

a book which I picked up and the first
chapter proofs of one plus one equals two.

So this is a mathematician who's
very very fussy about logic but

he's the guy that made this quote and
I think we have to remember this.

We're always artists.

And we shouldn't forget this.

OK now.

Why transport phenomena
important to biologists and

we can start by looking at this.

Generally speaking it's felt at the genes
that the very center of this picture or

the hereditary material that takes
us from generation to generation.

So this could be called
a real human some senses and

let's have to be fed and
by products have to be sent out and so

there are four major organs that
connect with the external world.

That's the lungs.

The.

Kidneys the gut and the skin and

they are connected by the blood
circulation which is the next ring.

Which also connects to the recessional
fluid which surrounds the cells.

So list as one mass and
pranced put reaction problems and

I think you could say that
the operation of the body as opposed to

the transmission to the next generation is
primarily a transport reaction from them.

And that's my reason for
talking about it here now.

So let's start with the overview and
then work out of the details.

And this is a place in graft here which
shows the basal metabolic rate for

a variety of animals these are land
animals mammals for particular

I think they're all mammals if you're
actually as a function of body mass.

And you can see that they group and
roughly straight line but

a lot of scatter and
the viral video a booster metabolic rate.

Varies with approximately the two thirds
power of body mass actually is the coding

to this particular equation
is point six eight six.

Well actually I haven't researched our
paper in this myself with two costers

this is purely in purple and
nobody really knows why you get this.

In any detail.

However the literature is first

of explanations mother books holds
water a careful examination.

People merely answer.

And whenever you know the answer you can
think of all sorts of explanations but

none of them is really reliable.

The reason that this doesn't
go up over sort of one

is because as animals get bigger.

They need more structural with your such
as bones which are that metabolic reactive

and so the syrup is always less than one
but there are two this and the reason for

the specific shape has to do with the
demands of the active organs the brain.

The kidneys liver.

Most of the major active organs and

the brain takes approximately one
third the pens and who you look.

Talk to are the metabolic energy of the
body so brain work really does hire you.

That's pretty important and

what I have always been a puzzled by is
how about I don't have a brain roughly one

tenth the size of mine relative to body
weight but they are smart me every day.

Clearly you see them more effectively.

OK So listen.

Everyone at the macroscopic side.

That was taken over.

If you why are we there we
are at the microscopic Sun site.

This is a picture of this picture of

you carry out Excel that is a cell for
higher organism.

And it's a sketch when it shows
an awful lot of complexity and

so much of this is convert it is concerned
with who was defeated and reaction.

I guess that's pretty obvious.

The usual way to conjure
Yeah which converts

the energy potential of your food
into within us and try to floss.

Mostly the energy source the body uses for
almost all metabolic processes.

These blue lines are.

I guess.

Or are we well you can see see when
there's a microtubule up here and

these are used for
more mechanical support.

But they're also road tracks.

And they're a little engine the same your
body filled up here like to move back and

forth using A.T.V.'s the energy source and
then it can drag metabolites or

whatever resin.

OK Now these are very
sensitive the size and

one difference between most biologists and
people like myself.

Is it like to know how much energy is
required and basically the energy required

to control anyone Aziz with a few
percent is more of a location is

dependent on the fourth power of
the size of the object in inversely so

big objects are very easy to control and

mitochondria are a classic example
the one I think is most clear here.

Well as well when this individual
molecules can take the entire metabolic

atmospheres of all of the cell.

So you can't you can't control

the positions of small items by
a method like this you have to the pen.

Membranes which will prevent them from
moving from where you don't want them or

you want them to where
you might not like them.

So membranes are inside the cells
are very important parts

of the transport reaction system
then you have to have first.

Objects which were primitive pranced for
between cell a bit

of course still boundaries and
that's also a complex transport problem.

So we're really dealing at all levels.

Was transport reactions.

Kinetics and throat and
having For that matter.

OK No loops.

We are now.

If you don't believe that we're
primary transport systems

this young lady will pretty much prove it.

This comes my French dictionary by the way
it's the prettiest picture I've seen of

this but you can see that the blood
vessels are extremely prominent and

know what I want to emphasize here is

that this diagram which is the sort
of diagram you find in medical books

is too complex by far to deal
with this is really a mystery.

So to do something with it and
you can simplify it this way

by taking the organs and the major mode
vessels and drawing a diagram which

is much like the diagrams you see for
processes in classic chemical engineering.

Now the question is How
good are the is and

what approximations you have to make and
what are the costs of the approximation.

So let's talk a little bit about that but
if you get out of the details level.

This is a second section from
the the gray matter of the brain.

Showing what are called called tissue
cylinders about each capillary and

the body is built primarily.

Bundles of reactive tissue in
these critical few soldiers and

their size so
that the transport is permissible and.

In you can see that now here is the oxygen
to be consumed and you can see it become.

Lower and lower as you go
across this this capillary bed.

So there again is a classic
problem in that mass transport.

Now you have another problem with you
don't see much outside of biology.

And that is that.

These parallel systems.

Look to be I'm connected.

This operation to anyone who have social
skill and there isn't the panelists.

That's not quite true.

And so when you can find and
more recently three dimensional

That was the same as transferred which
take this cross diffusion and do and

do it help and
then not available recently sources.

You can't possibly keep your tissues
irrigated at the same time so

they go on and off and there's a transport
of activity around the body which doesn't

seem to get much attention I would have
a whole a whole file full of notes.

So we're dealing with really
complex systems in detail

that are really much time dependent.

But very often you can ignore that and
so what you have to do is to adjust your

the the the the accuracy of
your model to go through most

of your model to what you want to know and
more than almost any other subject.

You should never ask for more than you
need because they'll be terribly expensive

if not impossible to get you
out of making compromises.

And that's part of the art.

OK no.

The next thing we'll do Lou.

Is the systematic simplification.

Since you can't do.

Even the simplest modeling.

Of biological systems but taking advantage
of all known simplification is possible.

You have to do something which I should
have put in the last slide actually

but we'll get.

Probably I think well a radical back.

Now all of you here must know.

A lot about C S T R's and plan for
react to this because they're used in

our undergraduate courses repeatedly and
everybody knows

that their response to a statement
put is very different from the truth.

This is the plan for
reactor nothing comes out.

Until all of it comes out.

For a really see S.T.R. is exponential
decay and so look for different.

And much is made about difference in books
of reaction engineering for example.

But you can't deal with
that level of detail

because you can't get
that much information.

So you have to ask yourself how
sensitive are the models to

the fluid conditions in the system that's
the first question we have to do answer.

Now if you have instead of
a tracer coming in a time zero.

If you have a tracer which is coming
in with the caning input then you have

a very different situation and
outies zero is the time constant for

the decay of the input
signal which is now.

Shown here then for the C S T R.

You have.

First a Who little bit of a rise and
then it's exponential drop off this is

a this is a summary of all plot here
by that and for the plug floor reactor.

It looks.

I should have been up when a bit
of C S C S T R is here and

that it has the exponential very fast.

Flow coming up and then down.

Well there are very different if the.

If the resonance time is.

Has the same value as the decay
constant then these two.

Structures in a very
very different responses.

But if the the K. constant is

one is ten times the residents tying so

is very slow then you can't tell
the difference between these two is that

we'll hear a very short times and they are
usually insignificant by Al biologically.

The exception is cancer treatment where
the cancer drugs are certain acts like.

That even a short exposure
could have a major effect.

But for most most Act locations.

When you go to your doctor and you're
asked to he asked you to put in a pill.

So every So
what he always that isn't true.

So you're out in this region
where there is no observable.

So like to pretty between
one one model and

the other and so we have a very
big simplification possible.

Now we can go to right first
medical application he

mother Alice and this probably is
sitting now next to a dial US machine.

Which is taking your blood and washing it
against the dialysis solution which is

supposed to look like what the standpoint
of slow molecules like salt and so forth.

OK.

And she's going to be violence for
some hours and

the question is how would you model
this in the matter of this you lose.

Is this one.

I'm a left is the actual could be and
in her case this kidney is not working.

She's suffering from
should the inferior and.

This filter probably isn't working.

Here's this however flow system for
recovery of nutrients.

That's probably not working.

And so it's replaced by a dial icer and
most of the equipment here is just control

equipment because you'd be very careful to
get the dial said concentrations correct.

OK now how are you going to model that
the answer is that you will rule but

only through time constants so.

All right.

I guess that's OK.

Now.

Your bottle them for
each tissue compartment.

Such as the ones and.

Any part of the body.

The gut or whatever.

By a thorough course.

Pharmacokinetics diagram
shown here at the left.

And he would now all wrapped.

The kidneys into a single
single compartment.

But her trunk.

The upper body the sweet and so
forth and each one of these.

It was soon perfect mixing and you assume
that the fluid coming in through the blood

remains in equilibrium with the entire
tissue but that's far from correct.

But is very simple and

so you can treat it with a very simple
ordinary differential equation.

And we were in the previous life.

It is a very accurate picture of what's
happening on the time scales of interest

not for very short times but for
the times of interest in dialysis.

And so whenever you go to a doctor and

he says you want to take a pill every
six hours this is what he's assuming.

Now the question that's
question is does it work.

This is the Obama plan that if you lose
all her of the tissue fluid the body

arms legs from the works.

And the red C S T R.

We love the blood into another C S T R.

And the bio riser is
treated very simply and

I don't think I need to go into
that any detail and that's it.

And I have a differential
equations describing this.

Are extremely simple first order a linear

differential equations with
constant coefficients.

And it's easy to get a solution.

And this works just as well
as a more elaborate model.

Not because it's an accurate
picture of what's happening but

because the time constants are such
that doesn't make any difference.

Now almost was first set up
by two chemical engineers.

I can brush off when you probably know by

reputation is written
a lot of books that a lot.

Very important work died recently and
bike by Bob Dedrick and

I each work closely with him and
so an awful lot of

analyses of the body transition analyses
are made on the basis of the simple

model which may involve raw compartments
in some cases but there are based on the.

On the insensitivity to details.

And their work.

Here is a test of correctly modeling
frightening being one of the.

Metabolic quotas you want to get rid
of the dots here show actual data.

The line is of is a part of this equation.

Made from the first.

Bits here and extrapolate and
you can see no departure.

The service is very successful.

And if you are dealing with a body.

You have to take advantage of all
those simplifications you can.

And this one is a good.

OK now.

This is very difficult to get across
to the medical profession by the way.

Fortunately they don't control
what I was a Senator Smith So

this is no longer coming up but one of the
things I was happy to involved with was.

One of the and the fallen.

Just on campus.

I would Weinstein of I helped set up
the first of what I was the center and

I tried to make it practical he wanted
perfection and I said this is good enough.

If I may even but it's much easier than

that would look and pretty successful
the reason it works is because the K.

constant zero is longer than
the time of the observer and

that's more about the residence times
in the of the different parts OK.

So let's go beyond that.

Here is a bright color assess.

Records pro.

Sesi in the.

In the body.

And it shows us the ten reactions here.

The star ending up was A.T.P..

This is a way of getting and
the potential energy from.

All the sugar in the form of others
that can be used by the body for

carrying out any kinds of
reactions it may wish to do.

And now here are all of these
really these these equations.

Well only only three of them are slow.

Also the three mentioned in red.

And those are also the control room
reactions that could have an effect on

the behavior of the system
the kinetics for only others.

So fast but
they can be considered instantaneous.

Now this is about not just by the blind
operation of evolutionary processes.

It's a simplified the behavior
of the system and.

If I talk to people like Harmon
radiance and the others and

the rest of Russian engineering.

This is what's actually done and
engineering practice solar body is using

the same general approach as is used
as is used by us from competent

chemical engineers and this all
depends just on time scale separation.

This becomes very important.

And under physiological conditions
which means conditions are good health.

And separation of time scales is the norm.

OK now suppose for diabetic as I am.

Now The Times feels not separate and
the equations are very numerous

you but here you are you're a patient and
a diabetic diet and

diabetes patient is his own or
her own total control

lesion except twice a year you go
see your diet but tell it is so

you have to make sure the stations
yourself in the really gotta something.

This because it's very difficult.

This takes a big factor
big part of my life.

And you have to decide now how
you're going to handle it.

And so you've got to make
your own simplifications.

And.

These are all be there for

me by the way a little this is
this is normal normal patients.

If you're given a shot
of radioactive sugar so

you can follow it's concentration
of the body it first.

After the first order.

This is going to save a lot of clot.

If you look at the diabetic patient
Life me it's not so very slowly and

rather a regularly.

OK so there isn't any such thing
as time scale separation here

a lot of things are happening
pretty much in the same time.

And so you have to save yourself
well I got to do something.

And so by the way the vibe a Tele
just will not be very helpful here.

Well so well you should exercise.

And you should take your pills but
that's as far as they go.

And so as an engineer I said
to myself OK exercise ran.

What time.

How much it will give me any
any information on this.

You've got it.

You're on your own and said And by the way
I've never published this because I

don't have any any status in
the diabetes just community and

my own able to tell a just who
is the best in medicine and

a close personal friend by thousands
have been going there for many years.

That's my understanding this.

And said.

But while I followed was
this after breakfast.

The blood sugar has to first get into
the bloodstream and then it rises and

reaches a peak and if you don't exercise
at all to stay right there for many hours.

That's because you're diabetic and
you don't have any any good mechanism for

getting rid of that sugar but most of the
sugar has already gone where it belongs.

That doesn't show from the side but
it's true.

So you really have to get
rid of maybe ten percent.

And that's part of her lung.

So how do you get rid of the ten percent.

Well it turns out the exercise will do it.

And now imperfectly I found
how much exercise and

I do about I use it with a little bit
longer because I'll start with morning

first thing and
it's awful hard to get out of bed.

If you want to get up early but.

It's a this is a similar longers all
about all wait maybe two three hours and

then I'll take my dog for a hike.

And I'm not always figured out.

I've looked at the pass
around the village and

sure enough down comes a blood sugar and
here's a week.

Of trials which is perfectly
normal high breakfast here for

example up on some points for
going to stay.

It will stay there forever if I
don't exercise for that hour or so

and then I take the exercise brew down and

comes this is for a full day by the way so
as over simplified a bit.

It's right down now in the normal zone.

You're supposed to be eighty one
hundred twenty milligrams for

what is it milligrams for
the cubic centimeter I guess it is.

Yeah.
Anyhow.

So here's day one they two these
three they four and so forth.

This thing I forgot to test and so
we have to this is real do this and

then this day I couldn't take
one of the major pills but

Foreman because I had some other
medical test which will interfere.

So I hope I'm going with the blood sugar
and I came down again with the exercise

but if you look at this carefully
you'll see that my exercise has

a bigger effect on the drop of blood
sugar than the best pill metformin.

OK.

Now and we're looking at is a very
simple case of a surge change.

At the end of the digestion
period then all of

your excess sugar is in your blood
which is a very small volume.

You've got to bring it down and

it turns out that there's a perfectly
normal way for this to get to be used.

And this is it.

A By the way it took me
literally years to find this.

Because if you look up I
could be this lecture size.

You will get back the statement.

There are thirty five thousand picture
ever references which one do you want.

So you just can't find it.

Horrible.
I finally found a book of diabetes

which had this diagram.

And this shows that this is glucose
concentrations a function of time

before traction of your muscles.

Plus insulin insulin
alone contraction alone.

So what that says is that
contraction of the major muscles

acts almost exactly like insulin.

OK.

And that of the once you see this
then you can find the literature and

I really found I think a half a dozen
articles that all said the same thing that

I stopped working because they
thought I knew what I was going.

And the rest of us have
to worry about now.

But if you just resting no
exercise this is where you sit.

All right now.

This is the mechanism.

This helpful to me only mechanism
in this case it turns out that

muscle cells can only use insulin.

If a carrier.

Group for.

Some can get up to
the edge of the cell and

then picks up the sugar and
brings it back again.

The body is pretty complicated and
it's Hearns out that exercise

brings is good for
carriers just like insulin does.

It's very close to an elegy.

So it works.

All right now.

I've suggested this to several
friends who are diabetic.

Everyone has been successful.

I said to my TED so I might even say but
tell us about this and

she says Well you're very lucky I
said Luck has nothing to do with

this is a very simple operation but
she's a typical conservative.

DOCTOR And she's not sure.

But it does work.

And the moral here I think is that if you
had actually killed everybody in this room

and you have a chronic disease problem for
goodness sakes do your own checking.

You will if you follow really established
procedure and it's not working well.

There may be a better possibility
readily available now

I have great respect for
my diet but tell it just and yet

this is something she can't understand
because it involves kinetics

She's very good at a lot of
other things and so we need more

chemical engineering types of in
medicine and then they're slowly coming.

But there are a lot of problems
which are much more easily handled.

If you know a little chemical engineering
know I'm to the point to take insulin as

well though I have two more
time constants to worry about.

So I'm starting a process here but
basically you can do a lot for yourself.

So there is a practical reason for
being involved.

OK not a surfer been talking
about time constants.

Which are essentially operating
independently the next step is ratios

of time constants.

There are a lot of these.

And this one shows.

The mass transfer effect of this.

Of the various vessels in the body and

the purpose of this is the Find out which
vessels can actually transfer oxygen.

So the shoot.

I just spent a lot of work on and
I've been physiology in there.

It's a matter of getting rid of nitrogen.

OK so which are the transfer
vessels which are not

well if you look at the radius
the lengths of the Lost City.

And then.

This funny term which is just
a ratio of time constants.

That's all it is.

It's a ratio all of the royal
residence time is diffusion time.

That's all.
And

if you look at books like
the transport book and

all others like it almost all the graphs.

Have as the abscissa.

Ratios of time constants.

OK well if you go down from there.

Your a back up to being a kid when this
is for dogs by the way Sol small dogs

look at that look at the big difference
point zero zero zero zero three up to.

Ninety ninety four for the chaplain.

This is actually.

I got it upside down.

This is the residence time available
compared to the diffusion time.

So the capillaries.

Have a great surplus of
transfer capacity but

that's because the blood has to be
actually to fathom the body's reaction

from the blood to the surrounding
tissue so they should be and

you can see a little design we are to go
from this plane oxygen carriers to three

groups of vessels which have a large
ratios that right back to the small ones.

So we're very well designed.

And then point of fact
the terminal arteries.

I mean there are three olds in
the venue also not very effective for

oxygen transfer you know.

The next question they ask you is.

He transferred.

I'm going to skip most
of the fish problem.

But I don't want.

I like to ask my students.

Why are fish cold weather and
the answer is very simple.

I don't think I have that
slight listed for today but

basically he transfer is many
times faster than mass transfer.

And saw most of the heat transfer can take
place in these other vessels around here

and the oxygen concentration
in water very small and

so by the time we were pulled out
the oxygen available to the to the animal.

If you rather go brought the temperature
down of seawater temperature.

And you can see that very clearly here.

Now that's a good start.

But then the question is how about
these fast tuna the big tuna or

the make or sharks they
actually are warm blooded It is

probable that some lighter stories at
least were warm blooded how do we do this.

Well as the what comes from
the body towards the gills it

passes through this region here and

there he transfers quite effective but
mass transfer isn't.

And so
they can transfer the heat from their

muscles back to the returning
blood from the gills.

But are losing much oxygen because
oxygen France first much slower so

your Mother Nature isn't
really something pretty nice.

Also this is a simple enough change
all you have to do is rearrange

the intermediate vessels so called treats
and that's that proof possible for

many different species but
are you going to see how long it takes for

a fish to reach this point
only a few fish can do this.

So you're winning something about
the dynamics of evolution here too and

all can be explained terms
of time constant ratios.

I don't know very well this is just a heat
transfer equipment that we have to go.

Who is it OK so let's go next to him.

Were actions and appearances and

it was once the job as shown here.

We've all seen the effect of
Inspector charts I expect

the order is the effect of this here.

And this is some kind of a parameter.

Now it's useful to you as
measurable quantities.

And so what he has here for
this parameter for

what use is the observed reaction
very prudent mass for to be

the catalyst power as a whole this
is a specific surface squared.

This is the concentration

at the outer boundary of the of
the of the of the pill power.

And this is the effect of
diffusion coefficient that's just

as a ratio of the fusion reaction time.

OK now all commercial catalysts

and all biological systems test.

For within this yellow rectangle

with a ratio of time constants
is very close to unity.

And that's true for.

Zero sort of reactions first order
reactions and even second order reactions.

And the song.

We behave very much like the world is and

chemical process that this is
a very useful graph obviously and

that tells you when we
are losing the same measures.

And also once again we
found that the interesting

case is when the two time constants
are very close to each other.

I remember when I was doing my sr for
fifty years this is a problem

in chemical engineering now a great
deal of difficulty with this

because we had no way to optimize and we
didn't know what kind of ratios to use and

of course only believe she was
a computer but you have to start.

Somewhere and

starting with a ratio of one is a fast way
to get the answer both biologically am.

In the chemical systems but
we don't need this turns out so

the mechanisms of pressure are very
important for the point that when the end.

OK.

The other thing we can do is subset assess
as consecutive reactions and very often.

That's important because the intermediate
reaction maybe some of Amec we are in

favor and here goes to show us
the probability higher objects complex.

You can see a beautiful this is designed.

Nobody has brought such a thing for
biological reaction so

my knowledge of what I could
of course be wrong and

there are even

less that when all this is this
is a case of people intermediate

we don't really need that one.

But this is the electron transport chain.

And this is extremely interesting
because to make a T.P.

higher energy source you have to go by
small steps and these steps are shown

here with hydrogen ions being
transferred across at each step.

This is an extremely sophisticated system.

And right here is a secret to
much of what has required for

energy transformation or energy transfer.

Going from potential energy to A.T.P.

very sophisticated and
it's the reasonable work.

If step is to only take use for
a short part of the way and

there's a book by a given that you are.

In the set of references.

Yeah all of this is a scribe very
well in equations the second book.

He's a really really good job.

OK now.

The other.

Ratio of reaction times.

This is a stormy or flying.

This is the strewn about over.

It's the right time constant the direction
of our from swimming or words of

flapping time constant and we're really
close to one this for the BIA something's.

Not on that early on with slides
are being translated properly but

the story about bird is close to one for

the rabbit travel of insects birds or
fish.

And it starts with dragon
flies when sharks same number.

Nobody knows quite why yet.

But there's a lot of
similarity between species.

This is perhaps the most interesting case.

I've come across.

Now if they want to get scared or
angry then you go faster but

this is their design point so
to speak for the novel behavior.

So once again.

To interaction time constants and
when they're about equal.

That's when the operation
has had a stormy level.

OK well we can't keep
going on this on time but

the interesting thing here is that when I
was member has nothing to do with this.

We tend to be obsessed
with one's number but

the protection is independent of Reynolds
number that's what gives of the movement.

OK.

So you can go by the classic history
of our fuel rods when Runnels

sold the first signs of turbulence and
little bit more useful for

example if you can believe in
a device that would fall over the.

The locus waras forms in Australia or
the Middle East or whatever

because you know how fast they should
go and it's pretty easy to design them.

OK well.

Next we go to another aspect of
simplification which has already.

Ramifications.

I was talking it was one of you
today talking about Brownian motion.

And I was transported Cortez from
the emotion probably displayed.

But now I suppose you are dependent
on finding your own food.

To see your one hundred Gaz
over when you suddenly find

that the primary space is this continuous.

Most of the most of the this
is not a physical space.

Most of the physical space
doesn't have any food in it and

it will have a time where the food will
be but you there will be a loss of K..

Well you should use Brownian motion if

it turns out that all of
the animals that have been tested.

Well the case of albatrosses is
up to this kind of and don't but

the ones that most of them been tested in
the US let's call them and let me walk and

eleven rock has a different proportion
a larger proportion of lung jumps.

And so badly motion sort of looks like
this lady walks look sort of like this.

Now I don't have as many dogs
in the My life is one way or

another if you watch a dog.

It will rebel the past one hundred yards
then it will go back around nearby for

a while checks to things and
then runs out again and but

it is obviously it was him
something much like a levee wall.

You know why don't we bring this up

because I claim that the development
of new technologies.

Has a strong similarity here.

The brain is a problem
here is that the prime of

their space has been really an equal
distribution of what you want.

And this is a very simple three
dimensional parameters base.

But the case is of interest to me and
I mentioned some of you today

in the biotechnology downstream
processing of therapeutic proteins.

The basic.

Well of course.

For Separation is one fabric I'm a tiger.

If you're the other.

I'll quit with the car chromatography
columns are very high pressure.

Very expensive packings but
they're percolation rates.

So really it's kind of a nightmare from
the standpoint of a like an obviously

oriented chemical engineer.

There are several.

And they're expensive and
most of the time most

of the home is either empty or
are serving as a once

were and they're very expensive reservoirs
and of course them to have doing anything.

So what has been done of
the industry is to build better and

better commander graphic columns and
three years ago I gave a lecture at

zero zero zero separations conference and

pointed this out and then just real
people suddenly realize that they've

been falling for
a very bad strategy really

Prather space is very uneven and
the girls don't buy mine

of populations from one hundred feet
to something better is impossible.

You have to make them go up.

And if you look at
the history of technology.

It's been characterized by slow steady but
limited progress.

And that every now and
then some genius life.

Well Henry Ford for example or what
Einstein is a physicist in a big help.

And if you want to do
something really important.

Instead of this person you're on
the immediate neighborhood of existing

technology.

You're probably best off making jumps and

this requires a and and
a voluntary act of creativity.

And we're very poor at this and well and
with the US was in this dust from infancy.

They are around the turn
of the last century.

We were very very rare in
the scale of automobile producers

then Henry Ford made his big
jump by making cars cheap and

between the first and second world wars
we kind of took over the car industry.

After World War two We got fat and
lazy and made small improvements.

The Japanese made better cars and
they almost put us out of business and

right now more than half the cars
sold in the U.S. from a elsewhere.

And this is primarily because
we lost our creativity

takes courage to make a big jump and
a lot of hard work.

We don't understand basically it's
a creativity a very effectively.

But you know we have to make them and

that with Chinese are getting
the same thing not cars so much.

But you can see them developing
improved technology or

making big jumps because they're hungry.

And we were hungry between
World Wars one and two.

Now I think the chemical engineering
profession is really not doing a very

good job and I mean the stream jet was
not there were too fat and lazy and

it's too easy to follow everybody else.

And Detroit not helpful is climbing
out and they are making some big jumps

I guess their cars have been
improved substantially.

But I'm not adverse in buying a car.

So that's what you say to me.

OK But this this kind of says quite a bit
of this site has four engine Your dear.

And it's showing the person free
in France conditions they're

following a liver you want very closely.

And it's and it's and also optimize
lobby walk you can decide what the best

printers are and
they're known and they work.

OK now we're going to try something else.

We're going to look at evolution of for
a bit now and

we're going to ask ourselves is what kind
of parameter space is available there and

have to start now we're going to go
back almost six hundred million years

I think what we're seeing here is the.

Time and since the present in there is
six hundred million years back here.

Here we are here and what we're
seeing here is the concentration

of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the air.

Let's look at carbon dioxide.

It used to be very high.

This is this is twenty one percent for
example twenty fifteen

the level of carbon dioxide was higher
than the level of oxygen right now.

OK so.

I guess I object to people
exaggerating no matter what the cause.

And I would say the people worried
about global warming are correct but

they are not giving you a straight story.

And the I would not bring up I
think because of the burn up when

it was much much higher.

On the other hand if it happens fast would
have been just fast enough to survive and

we could very well be wiped out and
a lot of other species good as well.

But let's look at the facts for
one next one is oxygen.

And you can see that oxygen has gone.

This is the present and
it's going up and down and up and

down is going to as
high as thirty percent.

This is about the time
the dinosaurs appeared and.

This was when the first most
older animals appeared and.

The and we now hail.

Oxygen supply systems lungs
which reflect their origins.

When the first small animals came around.

They were small and
the oxygen concentrations were high and

only have is centered channels from their
skiing into their interior just pure

diffusion across those channels that works
fine but it won't take you very far.

And so no insects are bigger than
what you know or more of it's just

a goose crabs a lot of others are small
here and their activity is limited.

Then we came along.

That is mammals came along somewhere.

Long in here but
oxygen levels were very high.

And we developed very inefficient lungs.

Along.

Excellent from the same point of stability
because rule changes over a breath but

they're not very good if you
need to get a lot of oxygen.

Then the dinosaurs came out.

Well we know about it because
I got these backwards.

But anyway the diet and

the science is the dinosaurs came
a lot of the time of low oxygen.

And so they have very efficient lungs.

Now it's clear from a lot of reasons
like a lot of data that birds.

And I use or I might be a dinosaur or
offspring from dinosaurs they have a lot

of great similarities including their
loans they have the ones of dinosaurs.

And that's what I said in my life
in the world but put around.

We're as we have great problems
getting up Mount Everest.

While we doing that.

Well actually the supplies and all
the rest of it right at least we're flying

right over the mountains with
no difficulty at all and

you know nobody we don't know but no no
species have been able to go from one to

the other because it's too big a jump and
evolution works best with small jobs.

So you can see in these different
kinds of oxygenation systems.

The difficulty of making big jumps
in evolutionary processes and so

in a way we're right saying
that people who don't don't.

To move with the times are dinosaurs
except they happen to have

the better lungs.

OK now that we're going
to look at some of this.

I'm going to look at
a different problem now.

The question I'm addressing now is what

are the differences between biological
systems and conventional systems.

And the answer is very interesting.

I'm going to start with trees
because trees put a ladder up.

From their trunks.

So they're clowns and
what they're what they're doing.

They're bringing water from their roots
in it in contact with common oxide from

the air and from that they're
producing oxygen and sugar.

OK now a treat can be
hundreds of feet high

and how do we pull the water up its
paws or use law and the other hand.

When you get up here just
before you get to the leaves.

Leap for
the pressure the water is highly negative

but negative ten atmospheres
in this case or more.

Now what is the negative pressure mean
you would find was the transport local

welding will be or anybody else.

What does it mean.

I mean what was under tension.

OK So this is a the show's
an ordinary pop starting

our feeling pressure is almost
positive here we are with a tree and

wait a minute this is this is this is
us our pumps and this is the tree.

Now.

That's all very well and good.

For the oil for so
use less oil is working fine.

But the bubbly conditions
are very different.

The pressures are largely negative and
told us.

To.

And then you have to ask
yourself what's going on between

the top of the water stem in the air.

Now here I couldn't get much done
this last week and it's runs out to

the bottom as I have only very reluctantly
agreed that there are negative pressures.

That's that was first discovered many
years ago but wasn't accepted until very

recently and there not been
creature is very awkward and

the boundary can stop here is not stated
clearly anything I have found yet.

So you have a problem and.

I remember once Bob Byrd and
I had a big discussion a start up a saying

Isn't that marvelous that so much of
the world this is my body three equations.

I said Bob how about Bobby conditions
in the equations of state.

They're also very important and so

easy to forget the only difference
here is the boundary conditions.

It's well this sells
you what's the problem.

I guess that's what I have here.

So here it here is the system.

I gave this talk let's
live to talk in Turkey.

That's a long go because they have a lot
of problems with trees drying out but

this diagram shows what's happening.

Water enters the room.

It's just quite ordinary diffusion
messing something special.

Then the water comes up the trunk and
here it is evaporated

along with the what was it with
the input of carbon dioxide.

And we have to look a little bit
at this foundry condition now.

And if this is really interesting
Be well we'll have someone date

on that shortly I think
unless I know too much.

OK so here it is.

This may not be true.

This is what I've taken from the recent
literature and I think it's correct but

I haven't finished the literature search
so you must be careful interpret ing this.

But basically at the top
of the SAFF stem is

a series of very very tiny capillaries so
tiny.

That the capillary forces enough
to bring a lot of the way up and

it is a negative pressure below but
outside of the normal pressure and

the SO here we have capillary forces and
then at the boundary.

There has to be a probably condition
that the log of the air is equal

a lot of the water.

Plus pressure of the water and

it turns out that the this determining
factor is the activity of the air.

This will not.

Work at high humanity but low humidity.

The further driving force is greater
than the hybrid manic requirements

as a same reason that you can
drive a car for of twenty miles on

a small amount of gasoline for the reason
that when weather comes up about reforms.

It actually drops in temperature
my back peroration but

I was in a jeans from the fall in the.

Potential Energy.

And so here we see some orders
of magnitude coming in but

this is somewhat speculatively I did
the slide just a day or so before and

now I have some literature searching
to do but if that's what we correct.

So here's possibility is not
I'll modify body prevention of

gas formation in the in the stems and
with a better condition that we don't use.

Now it turns out that very often
the water column steps and

apparently makes nuff
noise you can hear it.

And the other hand there are only pair
mechanisms and there are lots and lots of.

Cept.

In parallel and so what works.

So that Mother Nature has solved
the problem the chemical engineers can't

can't can't meet.

We always use positive pressures.

So when you go into the fuel
the biology the rooms hold but

there are little differences in
the operating conditions and

that's where that one of the best
in the parts of this business.

OK now.

That's the question of leaf structures.

The problem of the leaf of interest here

is working carbon dioxide and
water vapor together.

So if you can produce sugars and oxygen.

And so the use always have.

Where the open air is appear at the top.

I think.
Here it is right here.

And they have a spongy structure.

So the water vapor can come up in
the C O two thing come down and.

Their structure is determined

to provide a balance if possible between
the C O two and the water vapor.

And if you look at the samples
of Lisa Q gardens for

example you can tell the carbon dioxide
tension in the air when the sample for

me by the number of such pores and
they will we will change very rapidly.

So here we see a really close matching
of two different processes or

a process which is actually.

You can actually if you look at it
you can actually see is at least

Obama in the cold and you can determine
what the conditions were way back.

My problem.
The first year or so

this is one of the ways people actually
find out what happened earlier

today is you know some of the storm are so
brilliant they're very impressive.

It's.

And here we don't have any
genes at all because they still

model have boundaries which
are sensitive to humidity.

Now you believe they're close and
conserve water.

What conditions they open up so that only.

The weather and probably outside can be

very interesting example
which has been going on.

Well for hundreds of millions of years.

And it's a fast dynamics actually.

OK.

Now this is how long this works and
this shows.

A sketch of twenty three
on the generations and

this is a picture of the net.

Now and these are they all rely now here.

Which is what weatherman's transfer
takes place every rescue now this is so

well designed that only in
the very bottom of the street.

I will be alive present which
I actually have yes exchange.

With the body and this is to
a first analysis a proud fractal.

It's a space filling factor.

A For Actonel and it was first
first described by Ben more about.

Mandelbrot in his book.

Fractal nature of which when you
put a price on nature the world or

something like this so
very very interesting for.

Now if you want an accurate picture.

But of course you can improve on this in
a spot quite fractal After all we have

a one hundred eleven here in
the backbone of my class.

So there are some differences but that's
a first approximation and if you have more

interim moment more detail you
heard you can find that as well.

Now you can also find.

What happens to
the deposition of particles.

One of my students did
the first definitive.

Calculation on this one
because there's a tendency for

big particles before out
where are we here and

then they're pulled back up by nucleus but
some particles can get further down and

one way to get drugs is by
deposition in the airways.

And here again the design
is really very impressive.

OK.

I think I should stop pretty soon.

I'm sorry I didn't carry it away.

I'll do some of these out.

OK here's what I want to give.

And I'll stop.

OK sirens are very interesting because
they normally live as free flowing amoeba.

But when they get hungry hungry enough
they change their medical tabel ism and

they form.

Aggregates which

then turn into a tiny plant the plant

forms spores we stand this first and
the spores go out.

And give the organism a chance
to grow somewhere else.

You know that's the one example of
complexity I want to use because it's

pretty straightforward to discuss and
there it is now.

So the signal for distress is
the formation of cyclic and then ice and

model phosphate when that comes out
it tells them to begin to aggregate.

And this is a picture of
the aggregation taking place and

thing up with something like this.

OK so
here's a case a complex little storm form

of foremost lumps there form patterns.

OK And

this is the pairing they get through
just before a million to form stocks.

That's as far as we're going to go and

the reason I brought this is because
the simulations Hubbard made here.

What's one of my dogs clearly not that

I have or well let me just
say that basically those rows

those structures will be
predicted mathematically by

a person I think of MIT actually so
you can find these structures.

And this its problem.

Behavior for all for
a living systems they go for

a uniform concentration to form discrete.

And and reproducible Peris So that's
a case of complexity which works and

with nervous former blood vessels
similar things happen but

they're a little complex is just
a way to do them to describe them.

Therefore what you're like this but
that's the that's the door to

my field is replace and
that time I have a big companion.

The nice thing about dogs is you give them
what you're in they don't even know that

there are things from time I'm
afraid I'd rather live with the.

Yeah.

Well.

Absolutely.

If I didn't even have
processes anymore to me.

The trouble is that I have no.

Credibility as an idealist expert.

So I have been trying to.

To publish it.

But as but the her story is complete and
everything I say backs it up.

I have my experience backs
the beautifully and friends of mine and

my son's friends and so forth.

I'm trying to say I want to try that
is surprised that he finds it works.

But it should work because
we know no mechanism.

And are the two places that
the sugar is stored in

the river and
in the large muscles and the soul.

You can't you can't just won't do anything
for the liver but you have an awful lot of

muscles especially in
the leg where you're walking.

So it doesn't work.

There's no question about it.

And saying to him is now
doing a systematic study U.W.

which I think will be more more
detailed but it has to work.

Why.

Because.

Sure because if you exercise right away.

You will saturate the muscles and them and

not the rest of the body
not not the not the.

The liver for example you first want
to have a good words with well anyhow.

And then once it's stabilized.

Then you can take care.

Of course while I'm out this left
by activating the G.'s the pool for

transporters.

That does make a difference but
it's very simple chemical engineering.

And.

Well I also have an artificial
heart valve and.

It's real for relations and

my cardiologist is no better
than my diabetic Tele just.

He says and works for you.

Well Craig.

I'm doing is behaving better.

And I guess I can.

Emphasize strongly enough that if you have
a serious medical problem these are two of

my three you can do a lot for yourself.

And I've actually been able to room
drop my heartbeat to quite normal level.

Just by careful limping a little more
complicated than the diabetes because I

don't I don't want to hit you with
that when it's not quite as well.

The fine but it works and

you're all well enough educated here
to see this is all very simple stuff.

It's.

I think we're doing something we
used to accuse the Germans of doing.

Classic classic quip is the operation
was a total success but

the patient unfortunately died.

And we're doing a lot of very
high quality science but

if you're an individual once
roomful of your health.

It's not clear how you can do that
you have to look a little deeper.

And the diabetes case is very clear cut.

And I think there's no
doubt it will work and

I think it's saying thank you will
not be published whether these days.

The hard problems are a little
more complicated but

I brought my heart of
the control as well it's.

In the last analysis we're responsible for
ourselves.

Now they do follow my doctor's advice and
the school beyond the.

And I think this is something
everybody in this room can do.

It's.

Now I always took my medication
along with the exercise.

I'm careful to get enough rest and
all the rest of it but he has to work.

Is not no mystery at all.

Now you have to decide how
much exercise you need.

And if you're going to be successful
you have to do something you enjoy and

I love love taking my dog for a walk.

So for
me that's the way to go which you do.

Bicycling or whatever you want to do.

You've got to fit it into your life or

it becomes unbearable burden but
you can do an awful lot.

Of the information is really easier.

So.

Yeah.

So.

OK.

Well it's turns out that was enough for
me.

However if you actually size
to watch your sugar go up.

I forgot to mention that because if
you put your body under enough stress

you get group colds producing horrible
ns which will raise your blood sugar.

So if you can exercise a lot but

that has to be a separate act activity and
you have to you have to do let yourself.

I live a pretty sedentary life
outside my morning walks with my dog.

So that's all I had to do.

But.

There's no big mystery here.

There are a lot of equations which
are which you couldn't possibly evaluate.

But just a few time constants will tell
you most of what you need to know.

It's and now I forgot.

Beyond that.

So I don't make enough insulin anymore and
has less type choose only.

Can't use it.

Type ones don't make it in.

You get to my age you get a little bit of
both like it's much more complicated than

working on that now all I can
say is I'm making progress slow

is all we have a lot of time constants.

And it's kind of hard to do that but.

I think I was born on the left and
I'm convinced responsible for

ourselves and doctors can help but

you guys are women or whatever.

I'm someone face you're the right
sort of modern living but

you are you really are responsible for
yourselves and you can do a lot.

And I want so many people by early.

One of my wife's best friends was
married to an engineer working for

the Physical Sciences Lab was
diabetic paid no attention to it.

And he died early typical diabetic death.

Excuse for this but
he had to get up early.

Take your pills and I think you can
see that if you've got to go to work.

You've got to get up fairly early
in order to wait an hour to have.

You have to get a little work and so
I mean a very unusual lifestyle and

you know often he mails from your
three o'clock in the morning.

This is better than being sick and
dying early.

It's all.

Possibly the last question for you

to sign up to most of us.

So you're.

We can be friends.

Well known because

they were hidden in this lecture but
I was using them.

More than you might think.

But basically I used to teach the men
a senior mass transfer course and

I think this would be
an excellent substitute for.

But everybody has their problems.

And I don't want to be all
dogmatic about this but

basically if you will follow the norms
that I've been making for myself.

The student has to do
a lot of thinking but.

I believe that the model too much
her plug and not enough thinking.

No.

You have the classes and we had big
classes but I found that I got very good

results by meeting with the students for
two or three hours once a week.

That I could do that well
maybe half a dozen students.

But I could do that.

Three times a week because
I was doing any work for

preparation the lectures already
been preparing they could see I'm.

So I think a redistribution
of time is very much in order

by the in the students all
loves us that was very popular.

And I think I think
a step professor standing

up reproducing a book on the blackboard.

Is not an efficient way to teach.

And that's one reason I retired
early want to do something

else misses the something else.

I'm working on.

Still I think our teaching methods
are kind of antiquated and

not really very effective.

Though it is.

If you have thirty five
students in front of your.

Suburb or do the crossword
puzzle a summer texting or.

Listening to.

Well if you're talking to a while on sex.

They're part of the discussion.

So more or.

Have a lot of people.

All text.

Yes Yes Actually they
were very enthusiastic.

And I never had that we were really.

To a.